Hate crimes free essay sample

What is a hate crime? A crime motivated by racial, sexual, or other prejudice How many hate crimes were recorded by the FBI in its most recent hate crime report? 6,222 According to the Petrosinos article and our text, were there hate crimes before hate crime laws? Give examples and discuss. What is a lynching? How many lynchings are estimated to have taken place in our country? What are some reasons that people were lynched? (www. withoutsanctuary. org) Killing people in mob form. 4,743 lynchings were estimated to happen. Reasons were people blamed blacks for their financial problems after slavery was ended. Whites were lynched for helping blacks. Who was Emmett Till? A 14 year old African American boy, who was murdered after reportedly flirting with a white woman. Her husband beat Till and gouged out one of his eyes then shot him in the head and threw him in a river When and why were the Civil Rights Acts (CRA) passed? Passed in 1964 after John F. We will write a custom essay sample on Hate crimes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kennedys speech where he said this country will not be free until all its citizens are free What were the limitations of the CRA in the context of hate crimes? Only applied if the victim of the crime is engaged during one of the six federally protected activities, like voting or an involvement with inner state commerce When were the first hate crime laws passed? In the 1990’s What are the four types of hate crime laws and what do they do? You should be able to discuss each in detail. 1990 – Hate crimes statistics act. Collect data from local law enforcements 1994 – Hate crimes sentencing enhancement act – increase sentencing on hate crime offenders 1994 – Violence against women act – victims of gender based crimes can sue attackers 1997 – Church Arson Prevention Act – increase penalties for damage to places of worship The federal hate crime law, known as the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Act, significantly expands federal jurisdiction over hate crimes and the scope of what is protected under federal law. Explain. The original hate crime law protected people of different race, color, religion, sex or national origin. This act expands current hate crimes law to include violence based on gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability How are hate crime laws justified in terms of the theories of deterrence, retribution and symbolic messages? Explain the arguments under each theory. Deterrence – These laws will discourage people from committing the crime because of worse penalties. In the offenders mind the risk of worse penalties can outweigh the potential benefits of the crime. Retribution- Hate crime victims suffer more psychologically and emotionally with feelings of humiliation, isolation, and self hatred. Hate crimes tend to be â€Å"excessively brutal† as well so they could have more physical trauma. Symbolic Messages – The laws teach the moral and social norms of the community. Also the punishment declares that in the society the offense is not tolerated so it can make the victims feel better. According to the Henry and the Jacobs/Potter chapters (BB), what are the limitations/challenges/consequences of hate crime laws? The Hate Debate What does the First Amendment protect? protect the freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition What are â€Å"fighting words† and are they protected by the First Amendment? – Fighting words receive no First Amendment Protection because they are not normally part of any dialogue or exposition of ideas What is motive, and how is it different from intent? From what evidence can motive be inferred? Motive is used to explain why a person acted or refused to act in a certain way. It is the reason why the crime was committed. Intent is the supposed action or purpose of the crime. It is the result of motive, deliberate breaking of the law. What are the challenges faced by legislators in passing laws regulating hate on the internet? What challenges do prosecutors face in fighting hate crime on the internet? What did the Supreme Court rule in: Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire- the Court articulated the fighting words doctrine, a limitation of the First Amendments guarantee of freedom of speech Wisconsin v. Mitchell Wisconsins law that increased the penalty for racially motivated crimes did not violate the First Amendment. Mitchells conviction and increased penalty were constitutional. The Court ruled that a state may consider whether a crime was committed or initially considered due to an intended victims status in a protected class Black v. Virginia Cross-burning can be a criminal offense if the intent to intimidate is proven. How does the 14th Amendment relate to hate crime laws? The 14th amendment guarantees equal protection and hate crime laws give worse penalties to crimes against certain people. Which groups are protected under hate crime statutes? What are the policy implications from the inclusion or exclusion of certain groups? Who was Marc Lepine? A 25 year-old from Montreal, Canada who murdered fourteen women and wounded ten women and four men at a school. He separated the men and women in the room and shot the women. He had often complained about women working in nontraditional jobs Why might a victim fail to report a hate crime? Discuss. They could have poor relations with the police, because they are inhibited by cultural or linguistic factors, or because they are among the people who are the most voiceless in our societies. Also they might not want people to know that they are in the LGBT community. Why might the police fail to report or label a hate crime? Disucss. Police might not report or label a hate crime because they do not want to bring negative media to their town. The town where Matthew Sheppard was murdered is now known for that reason. What challenges are there to the prosecution of hate crime? Proving motive may be easy but proving intent is very hard unless there is specific evidence proving it was a hate crime. What are some of the potentially paradoxical impacts of hate crime? The laws can increase prejudice. The offender could dislike the group he assaulted because if it wasn’t for them none of it would have happened. Also it might make people feel that certain groups are getting special treatment. Hate Crime Targets What happened to James Byrd in Jasper, Texas? He was stopped by three men, two of which were white supremacists in a pickup truck who tied him to the truck with rope and dragged him down the road. He died after hitting his head on an edge. What is anti-Semitism? Prejudice against or hatred of Jews According to Jeffrey Salkin, Regional Director of the ADL, what historical events influence modern stereotypes about Jewish people? What are the definitions of the terms? Gay A homosexual person usually used to describe men but may be used to describe women as well. Lesbian – a homosexual woman Bisexual A homosexual person usually used to describe men but may be used to describe women as well. Heterosexual A person who is emotionally, physically, and/or sexually attracted and committed to the members or a gender or sex that is seen to be the â€Å"opposite† or other than the one with which they identify or are identified. Also called â€Å"straight† Homosexual- A person who is primarily and/or exclusively attracted to members of what they identify as their own sex or gender. A clinical term that originated in the late 1800s. Some avoid the word because it contains the base word â€Å"sex. † The terms â€Å"lesbian, bi and gay† are preferred by many in the LGBT community. Transgender This term has many definitions. It is frequently used as an umbrella term to refer to all people who deviate from their assigned gender at birth or the binary gender system. This includes transsexuals, cross-dressers, gender queers, drag kings, drag queens, two-spirit people, and others. Some transgender people feel they exist not within one of the two standard gender categories, but rather somewhere between, beyond or outside of those two genders. Transsexual A person who, through experiencing an intense, long-term discomfort resulting from feeling the inappropriateness of their assigned gender at birth and discomfort of their body, adapts their gender role and body to reflect and be congruent with their gender identity. How are hate crimes based on sexual orientation different from other hate crimes? There are still 15 states that do not include hate crime laws that do not include sexual orientation. It has been a big debate because people say sexual orientation is a choice and if they include sexual orientation it may open the door for other federal and civil rights. According to the Herek article (BB), what percentage of hate crimes based on sexual orientation are not reported to the police? Why do are many of these crimes unreported? What makes these crimes unique? Who was Matthew Sheppard and what happened to him? McKinney and Henderson who were giving Sheppard, a gay boy, a ride home subsequently drove the car to a remote, rural area and proceeded to rob, pistol-whip, and torture Sheppard, tying him to a fence and leaving him to die because he was gay. What events led up to the genocide in Rwanda? Who were the Hutus and the Tutsis? Describe what happened during the Rwandan genocide. What was the response of the international community? President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda was returning from a summit in Tanzania when a surface-to-air missile shot his plane out of the sky over Rwandas capital city of Kigali. The Hutus were about 90% of Rwanda’s population and Tutsis were about 10%. On August 3, 1993 when Habyarimana signed the Arusha Accords, which weakened the Hutu hold on Rwanda and allowed Tutsis to participate in the government. This greatly upset Hutu extremists. The Hutus extremists went on a mass slaughtering of all Tutsis for 100 days killing about 800,000 people total. The international community refused to acknowledge the genocide and did not do anything to help. They refused to declare that a government guilty of exterminating its citizens would never receive international assistance. Hate Offenders What is the profile of the â€Å"typical† hate offender? Young, white, and male; he does not come form an especially impoverished backround; he has little or no previous contact with the hate criminal justice system; and he does not beling to an organized hate group. Identify and discuss the different types of offender motivations. Give examples. Thrill Seeking Crimes – the most common type. The offender’s, almost always young and in small groups, were just bored and looking for some fun. Not everyone in the group may be bias but the leader usually is. Reactive crimes – the perpetrator is reacting to what he considers to be an intrusion. Some incident triggers an expression of anger. They usually do not go out of their neighborhood to commit these crimes. The victim happened upon them. Mission Crimes- The rarest type, the offender, usually acting alone, seeks to rid the world of a particular kind of people whom he views as evil. Offenders are usually deeply troubled and sometimes even psychotic. Retaliatory Crimes – a person hears a report or rumor of a hate incident against his or her own group and takes revenge by committing a crime against a member of the initial supposed offending group. What is group think? Groups sometimes strive so much to maintain consensus that critical thinking is usually discouraged. Groups of people often make poor decisions, even though the individuals involved may be aware that they are poor decisions and may not have reached the same decisions on their own. Identify and discuss several experiments that illustrate the principle of group think? Zimbardo Stanford mock prison experiment Students were randomly assigned as guards or prisoners to try and realistically replicate the conditions of a real prison. It had to be stopped because the guards were getting very brutal. Milgram shock experiment – An actor scientist had a volunteer shock a person if they did not answer the question correctly (nobody really got shocked). The person would scream when the volunteer shocked them and the teacher would say keep going and they did even though they knew it was wrong. Asch line Experiment – A group actors and one person were in a room and they asked what line was the longest. The actors would all give the wrong answer and the volunteer would go along even though it was an obvious answer. What is prejudice? Making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. What is a stereotype? A thought that may be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things, but that belief may or may not accurately reflect reality What is the difference between an in-group and an out-group? An in-group is a social unit an individual belongs to, interacts with, and shares a sense of â€Å"we-ness† with. An out-group, on the other hand, is a social unit or group of people that an individual neither belongs to nor identifies with. What is the role of the family in creating bigotry? Kids often take the role of their father or mother. If at a young age a child’s parents openly express their prejudices the child will often take their same views. Identify and discuss the situational factors identified in class and in the book that contribute to bigotry (groups, economics, social milieu, culture). What is group think? How does that relate to hate crime commission? Why do people join organized hate groups? They usually do not have hatred toward certain groups but they are targeted by organized hate groups and lured into groups. Organized Hate Groups According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, how many hate groups were there in 2012? 1007 Identify and discuss the characteristics shared among all (or most) hate groups? Their viewpoints are bigoted. One of their primary goals is to advance their own interest at the expense of those they oppose. Usually have official membership criteria. They are organized Identify and discuss characteristics of the right wing racial movement and the white resistence movement. Explain the history the KKK as described in our text. After the civil war over and slavery was ended, many white southerners felt threatened. The wealthy feared losing their source of cheap labor. In 1865 the kkk was born. Who was Mulugeta Seraw? He was an Ethiopian student and father who went to the United States to attend college. He was killed in November 1988, at age 28, in Portland, Oregon by three white supremacists Identify and discuss the primary ideologies that are shared by many hate groups. Power – Hate groups are usually dedicated to gaining power, generally at the expense of other groups. White supremacists are concerned with losing their control over others. Racial Separatism Antipathy for the same groups – hate against groups such as Jews, people of color, and immigrants Antipathy for particular beliefs and actions – hate against beliefs or actions such as abortion, political liberalism, feminism. Based on the Blazak article (BB) and our text, describe the process of recruitment into and defection from hate groups. They focus on schools or neighborhoods where there is already some people of their group or where there was some perceived threat to straight, white males like areas where there had been large layoffs, where white students had been victimized by minority gangs, or where multiculturalism had recently been introduced into the curriculum. Then direct attention to individuals who are experiencing strain because of being left out, frustrated, or harassed. They offer programs to to solve their problems in live and offer structure What activities are performed by hate groups? Meetings – speeches, cross lightings, sales of t-shirts, CDs, and more. Music Rallies – get media publicity, reinforce to members that they are actually doing something, and offer opportunity for violence because of counterdemonstrators. Propaganda – fliers, pamphlets, newsletters and more. Internet – Websites that include propaganda Organized Political Activity Socializing What is the role of women in hate groups? There are women in hate groups and even a group called the mothers movement that was racist, anti Semitic, and against WWII. Fighting Hate What is Alport’s contact hypothesis? To reduce prejudice, put members of disparate groups together on equal footing for sufficient periods of time and to provide support for their cooperation in achieving a common goal. What is the Robber Cave experiment? The experimenters arranged for two emergencies to occur (a stuck bus and a broken water supply). The camp counselors then encouraged the rival groups of boys to work together to overcome these emergencies. The boys did so, and hostilities between the groups were greatly decreased. What is the jigsaw classroom? Children in a recently desegregated school in Texas were placed into small, racially integrate groups. Each member was given a unique set of information, and they were going to be tested on all of the info at the end. So they had to rely on their classmates in order to do well on the test. Can laws change bigotry? Why or why not? Laws can change signs of prejudice and, in time, attitudes are likely to follow. The best way to change attitudes is to change behavior first. Discuss the primary goals and approaches of the following organizations in combating hate: Southern Poverty Law Center civil rights organization dedicated to fighting hate and bigotry, and to seeking justice for the most vulnerable members of society. known for tracking and exposing the activities of hate groups. Documentary films, books, lesson plans and other materials that promote tolerance and respect in our nation’s schools Anti-Defamation League – Eliminate anti-Jewish stereotypes in the media and to combat other forms of anti-Semitism. Tracking extremists both in the us and abroad. Civil rights activism. Simon Wiesenthal Center – Combat hate through education. Opened the museum of tolerance, which has interactive multimedia exhibits on the holocaust and on prejudice in general. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force – Promote the civil rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people. Identify and discuss different models of rehabilitation. Victim-offender mediation – the victim and the offender are brought together, and the victim has the opportunity to describe the harm he or she has experienced and to ask questions, the offender can offer apologies or explanations. The goal is for the parties to reach a mutually acceptable agreement for reconciliation. Counseling or education programs – counseling on topics such as anger management and parenting skills. Listen to speakers from different ethnic and social groups, listen to victims of hate crimes, and learn about the law. Less formal ways – an offender might be ordered to tour a holocaust museum, or listen to a holocaust survivor or hate crime victim. Matched with a mentor of the group they hate. What is the Not In My Town anti-hate program? In a town where there were a lot of hate incidents, several community organizations passed anti-hate resolutions, people participated in pro-tolerance marches and vigils, and local residents donated time and paint to clean up racist graffiti. As described in your text and as discussed in class, identify and discuss the major efforts to fight hate. Are these efforts likely to be effective? Education of youth or the public in general Lobbying for anti-hate laws Monitoring organized hate groups Strengthening law enforcement efforts Public relations campaigns Victim-offender mediation Offender counseling and education Lawsuits against offenders and others

Repetitive Stress Injury RSI

Repetitive Stress Injury RSI Free Online Research Papers Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) is a very serious injury. To fully understand it, you must know what it is. You must also know the symptoms are, and how you can get it. What occupations does RSI usually occur in? Are there any ways to prevent it? Are there exercises that you can do to prevent it? How can employers prevent this in their employees? In the following paper, you will understand all of these questions and hopefully learn a lot about RSI. Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) is a disorder in which the muscles and tendons get overused. â€Å"Any activity with repetitive action brings with it the risk of RSI.† (Brown University 2008) This can happen even when you don’t recognize it. If you do the same thing over and over again, you tire the muscle and tendon. RSI injuries can be very painful and you can lose all function of the affected area if you do not get treatment. RSI can affect various parts of the body, not just the hands and wrists. It can involve the neck, shoulders, and even the legs and feet. (faqs.org 2009) When RSI affects the neck, you are probably using your neck a lot. RSI injuries that are neck related do not happen as much as other areas, but if it happens, it happens usually when a person plays sports. For example football players use their necks a lot so they are more likely to get a RSI injury to the neck. RSI that occurs in the arms, wrists, and hands happens when people use their arms, wr ists, and hands a lot. An example of this would be someone who uses the computer a lot, a sewer who uses his or her hands repeatedly over and over again, or a pottery worker who molds clay and uses their hands repeatedly. An example of a shoulder related RSI injury would be a baseball player using his shoulder muscle or tendon to pitch the ball. Each person who comes up to bat gets a pitch. That’s a lot of repetitive motion on the shoulders. The legs and feet RSI would be someone who has to move their legs and feet a lot. For example, someone who used the sewing machine that you need to push down repeatedly with their legs and feet would get a RSI injury to the legs and feet. RSI is not something you can catch. Some people who do repetitive things do not develop RSI, but others do. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), RSI has gotten worse over the years. â€Å"In 1972 23,800 people had RSI and in 1994 332,000 had it†. (bls.gov, 2009) With that figure, it suggests that RSI will increase every year. There are a lot of signs and symptoms of RSI. It is very important to not to ignore the first symptoms of RSI because it is very hard to treat once it is advanced. RSI injuries affecting the hands, wrists, and arms are the feeling of the body part going to sleep, numbness, and tingling. (beadwork.about.com 2009) A very prominent sign that you have RSI is if you wake up at night because of the pain in your arm, hand or wrists. The pain can either be dull or sharp. Your limb could feel rubbery as if it were not a part of your body. If it wakes you up at night, then it’s not something to be ignored because it could get worse. Another symptom you could experience is coldness in the affected body part. The limb can actually look a couple shades lighter than the other parts of the body. One more symptom is not being able to do the normal things you normally do. The loss of strength in the affected area makes the person unable to do the things they used to do.The last symptom that is a good sign that you have RSI is pain in the neck, or shoulder areas when you sit at the computer. You will find yourself trying to bend and twist to try to get the pain away but it doesn’t work because the strain has already occurred. People who use the computer a lot are a lot more susceptible to RSI. Bad posture, incorrect hand placement on the keyboard, and time spent on the computer are ways to get RSI too. Bad posture at the computer makes RSI inevitable. Bad posture puts a strain on the body. Another way to get RSI is being at the computer for long hours with not enough breaks in between. You are not only in the same position and doing the same thing, you can also get headaches from staring at the computer screen for a long period of time. The most common occupations to get RSI, are those on the computer a lot, and athletes. Occupations that use the computer a lot are computer programmers, network and security, medical secretaries, medical technologists including pharmacists, and business. The sport athletes that get RSI a lot are baseball players, golfers, and football players. Computer Programmers, network and security, medical secretaries and technologists, require you to be on the computer for most of the time that you are at work! If you think about this, this is a lot of time! If the average employee works forty hours, and usually works about twenty hours over time that’s sixty hours out of one hundred sixty eight spent doing a lot of repetitive motions. These occupations are vital to the United States of America. Without these occupations our country would plummet. If these occupations are vital, how can we reduce the number of injuries with RSI? A good way to reduce the number of injuries associated with RSI is to take breaks from the repetitive thing that you are doing. If you work in an office with computers, take short breaks. If this is not available for you or you can’t take short breaks you can still take miniature breaks. You can look away from the computer for a couple of minutes and close your eyes. Don’t close your eyes too long though, or your boss may think that you are cat napping! You can also do little exercises. You can take your hands and wrists and stretch them so that they can be relaxed. Stretch your back, your neck and if you can stretch your legs too! Also, make sure the temperature where you work is comfortable and not too cold and not too hot. If you cannot control this, as a lot of us can’t, accommodate the situation. If it is too cold where you work because of air conditioning then put a sweater on. If its too hot, buy a little fan to keep yourself cool. The reason this is imp ortant is because if your body gets too cold or hot you tend not to take yourself away from working. You also tend to slouch and your posture is bad. Another thing you can do to reduce your chance of having RSI is to get a comfortable chair to sit on. Make sure the chair is adjustable so that it can support your back. It is good to have a chair that has arms so you can rest your arms periodically on them. Also, you can position the keyboard in your lap so that your arms can have a rest. Try not to use the mouse. A track ball is better because it glides easier. When you are reading something at the computer, do not keep your hand on the mouse. This makes your arms tense. Whenever you can, try to relax your body. Another good way to get your body out of the bad posturing is to bring little snacks to boost yourself up. Nothing messy of course, but if you suck on a candy it will help you because you are not just working. The main way to prevent RSI is to practice ergonomics. This is the art of designing the job to fit the worker, not the other way around. Ergonomics is looking at your work environment and seeing what triggers your stresses and pains and what doesn’t. This includes the physical and environmental parts of your job. It is not possible to control everything about where you work, but if you can eliminate the stuff you can, you will be less likely to get an injury from RSI. If you already have RSI, you can treat it. Sometimes you may have to have surgery if you ignored the symptoms and let it progress to that stage. When you notice the symptoms of RSI, The first way you can treat it would be resting! If you rest the affected body part it will be easier for you to heal. Another way is to change your environment. As I stated above ergonomics will help you do this. It is very important to do those things because it will help. A lot of the times when someone has been diagnosed with RSI the doctors will prescribe an anti-inflammatory pill. This works because it helps the inflamed area to heal by taking away the inflamed part. One other way to treat RSI is a mixture of hot and cold compresses. The mixture of heat and cold compresses help soothe the inflamed area. If employers took the time to have a class before the employee started work with their job in computers, a lot of the injuries associated with RSI would go down. Both the employer and the employee would be informed on how to do the correct job and still be in good health down the line. Employees would stay at the job longer because they would feel cared about and would look forward to going to work. Most employers do not do this because of the time involved in doing so, and they are not mandated to do so. More and more people become victims of RSI because of the lack of knowledge about RSI. If there were more information about it and the serious complications that come with it, it would be looked at more closely. RSI is an increasing problem. People need to be aware of RSI, so that it has less of an effect on our world. Knowledge is power and together we can inform everyone about RSI. ? Drudi, D. (1997). Have Disorders Associated with Repeated Trauma Stopped Increasing. In Safety and Health. Retrieved on 4/28/2009, from bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/summer1997brief4.pdf ?Take Great Care of Your Hands (2009). Retrieved on 4/28/2009, from http://beadwork.about.com/od/tipstricksandtems/ss/Hand_Care_2.htm ?What is RSI? (2009). Retrieved on April 28, 2009, from www.faqs.org/faqs/uk/health/rsi/section-2.html Research Papers on Repetitive Stress Injury RSIThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductLifes What IfsResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Literacy - Essay Example However, he does not apply it, instead he sells the bags to get money for food and clothes and during harvesting, he gets minimal returns. The farmer goes to the company complaining of poor pay while he â€Å"did all the work† on the farm and so needs pay increase. Such a farmer can read and write his name and receipts but he cannot figure out that the reason he is being given the fertilizer is to boost production. Such a person knows how to read and write but he is not literate as a literate person could be able to figure out this. Literacy and literary skills is an important course to undertake because it helps make people realize the act of being responsible and trying to think critically in some situations. This also helps students to uphold their spiritual norms, as they will be able to interpret their respective books of faith and norms of the society hence sanity restoration. Since the start of the course, students already knew how to read and write and was expected that as such they should be able to read the spiritual book and know how to behave and relate while on campus. However, as it happens sometime students do not understand the rules or how to apply them in real life. This means that they can read but they are not able to apply the knowledge in their daily life and therefore literacy goes beyond mere reading or writing. A writer like Freire for example was not educated because he could not learn while hungry. In addition, he now advocates for both adults and young people to be taught how to read and write. He says, â€Å"Because education and literacy empower people to overcome oppression by giving them the ability to understand the manipulations.† On the other hand, Mirabelli was for literacy n the catering department. Waiters should have literacy on how to read but also apply it in how to serve well the customers. Literacy is a very vital thing in the society. It helps to restore

Themes in African History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Themes in African History - Assignment Example Based on the country you are focused on for your SPA project, which of those processes applies to your country of study (Akare et al, 2001, P 52). List at least 3 things that led to that country’s independence. 1. Resistance or rebellion 2. International support from the US and UNO 3. Use of diplomacy between the Ghanaians and the British. 4. Even though African leaders would become free of â€Å"European political control†, what sometimes didn’t change in Africa, especially in regards to their ongoing relationships with their former European colonial power? [Especially with the French, but also the British]: With both the French and the British, the use of their language by Africans did not end as it had become the formal mode of communication. They also continued to be direct importers and users of the African raw materials such as gold, rubber and peanut oils (Akare,52). Chapter 14 in your textbook is written by Takyiwaa Manuh, a former professor at the University of Ghana. This chapter as a whole is devoted to theorizing human rights in Africa, and to providing a brief history of Human Rights in Africa. You have been assigned to read a small section called: Human Rights and Nation Building in POSTINDEPENDENCE AFRICA. pp. 298- to the top of page 300. This primarily covers what happened after the colonial period, during the period just following the independence of individual nations. 1. At the beginning of this section (p. 298), Takyiwaa Manuh states that the newly freed governments in the various African nations made many improvements after the colonial powers (the Europeans) left. Paraphrase in your own words what some of those overall improvements were. (List at least four areas of improvements). The major areas of improvement included education, health, poverty and labor rights.

Analyzing a company an dmaking comparisons Research Paper

Analyzing a company an dmaking comparisons - Research Paper Example An analysis of activity ratios and profitability ratios of both companies i.e. ENERSYS and EXIDE is conducted for time period from 2010-2011. The first ratio calculated is profit margin, which is Net Profit/Total Revenue. Net profit margin/Total Revenue is an important measure of profitability and tells how much a company has earned after it has paid off all its expenses. So ENERSYS profitability is calculated to estimate where ENERSYS currently stands in comparison to its competitors. ENERSYS net profit margin is 6% in 2011 and 4% in 2010. Exide’s net profit margin is 1% in 2011 and -4% in 2010. Clearly, ENERSYS is way ahead of Exide in terms of profitability as ENERSYS earns a profit of 6% in 2011over its revenue earned. This means that ENERSYS gets to keep a profit share of 6% after all its expenses has been paid. On the other hand, Exide earns a net profit of only 1% in 2011, which means that Exide gets to keep a profit of only 1% after all its expenses have been paid. So, ENERSYS performs well as it earns more net income then Exide. However, Exide has improved more than ENERSYS since 2010 as Exide’s profit margin improved from -4% to 1%, while ENERSYS’s profit margin increased from 4% to 6% (ENERSYS, 2011). ENERSYS Return on Assets was 6% in 2011, so it earned 6% on its assets which is much better than Exide’s ROA of 1%. . SO, clearly in terms of profitability ENERSYS outperforms Exide. Receivables turnover ratio for ENERSYS was 4.05 in 2011 and 3.98 in 2010, while receivables turnover ratio for Exide was 5.35 in 2011 and 5.23 in 2010. ENERSYS Days Sales outstanding was 89 days in 2011 and 92 days in 2010, while Exide’s days sales outstanding was approximately 68 days in both 2011 and 2010 (Seeking Alpha, 2011).. Looking at the activity ratios for both Exide and ENERSYS, it is surprising to note that Exide performs well then ENERSYS in its asset utilization. Exide is better able to collect its revenue money after sales ha ve been made in few days and so would convert its revenue to cash sooner than ENERSYS. ENERSYS’s competitive financial position is strong in terms of its profitability as it has a higher net income in previous years as compared to its competitors and higher total assets, and has made a lot of capital investments. However, ENERSYS is weaker in utilization of assets and has to put in stringent policies in order to tackle the issue (Yahoo, 2011a). A careful analysis of Free Cash Flow available to the firm will determine which firm is outperforming the other. Calculating the Free Cash Flow to Firm by adding Cash Flow from Operations to Interest expense and fixed investments, it is seen that Exide has greater Free Cash Flow to Firm than ENERSYS. ENERSYS free cash flow to firm is $31945000, while Exide’s Free Cash Flow is $35088000. Also, looking at the cash flow statement of both companies, ENERSYS has a negative cash flow due to higher investment in capital and higher debt financing. However, despite negative cash flow during 2011(Yahoo, 2011b), ENERSYS still has more cash reserves than Exide. This shows that ENERSYS is making profits and is not holding back as it is buying more capital in order to increase and develop further for the future. ENERSYS fixed capital expenditures entails that it will have a much positive outlook in

Examining the Recruitment process of ABC Company

Examining the Recruitment process of ABC Company Recruitment or selection policies are playing a central role in the running and long-lasting success for a company. The main aim of recruitment is to draw the attraction of the employees who can express relevant skills and experience, to make a positive and valued contribution towards the work of the company. Every individual employee must be selected on merit. The aim of any recruitment exercise is to find the best person for the job. So whatever the person or the employee is good in work the company must provide them the work basis on their merit. The recruitment and selection of staff of the right quality at the right time is crucial for the organization. Recruitment is the process to identify people to employment for the organization. A good recruitment has some principle. A bad recruitment can hamper the whole productivity of the organization. In ABC company, followed few wrong recruitment procedure while are discussed in the following- One of the crucial requirements for recruitment is placed the right people for the right job. Here, ABC Company doesnt follow this principle. Ashley Jones was expert in administrative work; she has no experience in marketing field which is impact on performance of her position. In the case of Ashley Jones, she was appointed in ABC Company by the reference of one of the director in marketing department. As a result she is missing her monthly target which also causes a momentous decrease in the productivity. ABC Company did not emphasise on job analysis. Job analysis means a process where identify determine the particular job in details and relative significance of particular job. If ABC Company followed their job analysis it could be sorted out earlier. Again training is also an important part of recruitment. If ABC Company follows their trained Ashley Jones in a proper way then the problems may not occur which leads to reduce productivity. A good reward and payment system is considered as a key tool of motivation as well increase productivity. A poor remuneration system may reduce productivity of the employee. ABC company remuneration system was not well recognised which de motivated to perform her responsibility. After that she was de-motivated to work by the remuneration system of the company. ABC Companys reward and payment system is not well known as a result the performances of the employees are going down. One of the important principles in recruitment process is principle of fairness. It means that candidate should be recruiting on the basis of merit as well as by open competition. Organization should provide adequate information about responsibility before recruitment, which help to pick up right person. But ABC Company select by referencing which does not met the recruitment principle. All recruitment should be announced and advertise publicly. A wide recruitment leads lot of opportunity to get skilled person among different candidate. But ABC Company select internally. As a result lots of skilled person cant get the opportunity to do the job. 3.1. Considerable factor for effective recruitment: A recruitment system is one of the most crucial aspects. Therefore it is important for efficient and effective operation of the organization. All candidates should be treated with equally fairly (Deb, 2006). There are some suggestion are below for effectiveness of recruitment- 1. Fairness: Fair and competition should be considered when candidates are recruiting for the organization. Equal and reasonable accesses to information about job have to confirm by the recruitment team. Recruitment procedure must be reliable, objective and protective against bias. Recruitment procedure should be emphasised on qualification competiveness. 2. Wide announcement: All interested and prospective candidate can apply, if it announced and advertised widely which help to appropriate consideration in the recruitment process. Wide announcement gives alternative choice to take best among candidates. 3. Maintain highest professional standard: Ethical code of conduct of must be follow during recruitment as well as must comply with legal provision of the country. Recruitment must be transparent; patronage free, equal treatment should be applied during recruitment process. 4. Documentation: Appropriate documentation should be maintain in the recruitment process. The documentation included specify following things- The jobs objective. The main duties responsibilities. The needed skilled. Necessary knowledge for job. Required qualities. Essential attributes to carry out job. Documentation helps to make short list among candidates. Employee specification should not change during recruitment process. 5. Impartiality: Recruitment process must be free from partiality. The best and capable candidate can be select only by fair way. 6. Job analysis: For effective recruitment, job analysis is very important to make the recruitment successful. A job analysis include determining the needs training, compensation procedure, performance review etc. A job analysis makes the recruitment process effective (www.job.analysis.net). If the ABC company follow the above recruitment principles, which can be more effective for the organization. In term of to improve effectiveness and good employee recruitment in future some policies are given below A manager can recruit in two different ways   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i) Internal Recruitment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ii)External Recruitment Internal Recruitment: It is the most favorite source of applicants in stable and developed companies. It needs a strong support from other HR Processes; because of these the unmanaged internal recruitment process can guide to disappoint the managers and employees in the organization. The succession planning and strong performance management is needed to make sure the success of the internal recruitment. External Recruitment: The most obvious advantage of external recruitment is the availability of a greater pool of applicants. Thus, only those applicants who have the exact qualifications will apply and be selected the company. This has cost for the organizations training budget. Whereas external recruits will require orientation upon being hired, as they will not require any extra training. It also brings new ideas and external contacts to the company for hiring them. Also, if political backbiting over a promotion might be a possibility, then external recruitment is one way of eliminating that occurrence. Under external recruitment the effectiveness are given below Recruit online and given ads in newspaper: A company can hunt employees on online which will help to reach a lot of people in short time. Again if the companys give ad in newspaper and industry trade journals many skilled job searchers who has less technical support can applied for the post. For this it will emphasized on qualification of different people. Use the best employee: If the company uses its best employees for the interview of the people for the business, then they can collect the best candidates from the applicants. Documentation: Recruiters must maintain the suitable documents for recruitment process. They must follow the jobs purpose, duties and responsibilities, proper knowledge for the job. This will help the HR division to make a short list from the candidates. Search in Schools: The Company must build a good relationship with local schools, colleges and universities to attract graduates for trainee positions and always be ready to interview the candidates. Analysis the job: To make a recruitment successful job analysis is the most important part. It makes the recruitment process effective. Use Job Center Plus: A company can use Job Center Plus for recruiting people cheap and fast way. It is useful for finding permanent and temporary employees with no charge and they can shortlist the applicants for the company. If the ABC Company follow these process it can be more effective and beneficial for the company. Effective recruitment selection practices  By R. L. Compton, Alan R. Nankervis Fig: A typical strategic recruitment process Recruitment Requisition Competency or Position Analysis Position Description Position Evalution Pool of Aplicants Budget Check Sourcing Selection Process Dynamic Environment Vision Strategic Business Plan Key Stakeholder Dynamic Environment HR Strategy HR Plan Policies Recruitment Process Source: Nankervis, A, Compton, R, Baird, M, 2005, Strategic human resource management (6th ed), Cengage, South Melbourne.

Building A Campfire :: essays research papers

There are many different campfire structures that can be built to start a fire while camping. The most common are the teepee, log cabin, dugout, and tunnel structures. Almost anyone can build these fires if he or she follows some key points. A fire needs three elements: air, fuel, and an ignition of some kind. For a campfire the air element is easily accessible; it's the air a person breaths or oxygen. Fuel is equivalent to wood. Sometimes lighter fluid is used to start big fires immediately, but usually when dealing with a campfire the fuel is wood. Ignition can come from a spark, match, or lighter. It is anything that initially starts the fire. Going deeper into wood, there are three categories to classify it under. Kindling is the stuff that is easiest to burn. It could be leaves, dryer lint, or very small twigs. The next size of wood is sticks and small logs. These will range in size from one half inch to two inches in diameter. Anything larger than this is classified as the fuel. The fuel is the big logs that will burn for hours. When a fire is started it needs to be built like this: kindling first, then sticks and small logs, and then the fuel, once the fire is going good. Using this technique with the following fire structures will ensure hot easy fires. The teepee style structure is probably the most used and easiest to build, but doesn't necessarily result in the hottest or longest burning campfire. To build this fire think about the name "teepee." The end result before burning this structure looks like an Indian's teepee (If the teepee shape is not familiar, then envision a conic shape). Start by placing the intermediate size wood or sticks in the ground in a circular shape about eight to twelve inches in diameter, leaning the tips of the sticks together in the center. The sticks should already start to resemble a teepee shape. Continue layering the walls of the teepee with more sticks, but not too thick, because air needs to be able to pass through the walls easily. Leave a hole on one side large enough to place kindling inside the stick walls. This hole is also left to light the kindling from the inside and may be filled in once the fire is lit. Once this is completed, the structure should be a recognizable teepee or cone shape. The kindling should be lit on the underside inside the teepee walls through the hole