Ministry of Community Development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5452 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND The Ministry of Community Development, Culture and Gender Affairs (MCDCGA) belongs to the public and service sector in Trinidad and Tobago. This ministry mainly focuses on the concerns of local communities. MCDCGA is said to be the most all-embracing and people centred ministry in the social services. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ministry of Community Development" essay for you Create order It comprises of three main departments: community development, culture and gender affairs. It is a bureaucratic organization guided by the bureaucratic philosophy of Max Webber and is performed by the Government via the Public Service Commission. Many views of performance management in public sector are inhibited due to this bureaucratic system of control. 1.1.1 MISSION STATEMENT To partner with our communities, to identify and satisfy their needs through the provision of gender sensitive quality programmes and services, hereby achieving improvement in their standard of living. 1.1.2 VISIONSTATEMENT Playing a leading role in the empowering of communities and the enrichment of lives. 1.2 THE HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT The human resource department is one of the most fundamental departments within the ministry. They are responsible for the performance management of employees, training and among other functions; they have to ensure that the department abide to the various regulations. 1.2.1 MISSION STATEMENT OF HR The Human Resource Unit of the Ministry of Community Development, Culture and Gender Affairs focuses on linking Human Resources with the strategic goals, business plan and objectives of the Ministry in order to improve business performance and to develop an organizational culture that foster innovation and flexibility. 1.3 RATIONALE This investigation is based on the observation of the present performance management system in the Ministry. These observations include: lack of training and development; and poor employee performances. The inefficiencies in the HR department have a negative impact on staff morale and their ability to perform efficiently in line with the objectives of the Ministry. This study will improve the Human Resource department which will positively impact on other departments in the Ministry. 1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1.4.1 AIM The aim of this topic is to discover the problems into the effectiveness of the performance management system used to evaluate the performance of employees and to put procedures into place to improve the performance the employees which in turn will improve the ministry. 1.4.2 OBJECTIVES To examine the existing performance of the Ministry in ascertain its current state To inspect the Ministrys performance management system to substantiate its alignment with theory To investigate the custom of the public service and to comprehend the standards and values To determine whether or not the performance management system is designed to develop the employees To achieve an understanding of what has/has not been effective. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review is based on the ideas of previous writers on the topic of Performance Management which would make clearer the objectives of the research. 2.1 Definition of Performance Management Armstrong and Baron (1998) defines performance management as a tactical and incorporated approach in providing constant success to organizations by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing the capabilities of teams and individual contributors. According to Hildebrand (1997) a performance management system is the term for conducting performance appraisal, setting goals, communicating expectations, observing, documenting, giving feedback and helping employees to develop skills. If done well, it can help the organisation gain a competitive edge. 2.2 Criticism of the Performance Management System Bevan and Thompson, (cited in Armstrong, 2000) criticised the theoretical model or what they called the textbook definition of the performance management system by describing them as placing too much emphasis on a top down method, focussing on objective settings which they believe underrate the extent to which training, development, and reward systems are driven from the bottom up. They also disparaged the belief that a performance management system model can fit all situations and that many issues involved in making performance management work were under-emphasised. The study that was accomplished by Fletcher and Williams (1992) specified that numerous organisations were a long way from operating an successful performance system as, for most of them, performance management system is the same as performance appraisal or performance related pay or both. They outlined that an effective performance management system is one which: is owned and driven by line management and not by the HR department; emphasis is placed on share corporate goals and values; Performance management is not seen as a packaged solution, but something that has to be developed specifically and individually for each particular organisation, and should apply to all staff, not just part of the managerial group. Schwartz, 1999 described an effective PMS as one which: Informs employees of areas in which they excel and areas where they can improve; Helps employees improve performance, increase productivity and experience personal satisfaction; Provides the organisation with information for human resource planning. 2.3 APPLICATION OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 2.3.1 Planning Maloa (2001) accentuate the importance of planning with his view that at the core of a good performance management rests the conception that the manager and their subordinates will develop a clear idea of what is expected. This should include prioritizing of the key elements among a multitude of tasks that face them every day. Without this, the individual will be overwhelmed by the conflicting demands on time and as a result may fail to make the right decisions. With lucidity of performance expectations, good performance is possible. In support of the above, Finigan (1999) pointed out that in developing performance plans, it is important to define the responsibility of each position in each department and, as part of this process, two questions need to be answered namely: What does the employee need in order to meet performance expectations? and, What does it mean to exceed these expectations? Satterfield (2003) continues by stating that the vital planning activities should include goal setting, amplification of behavioural competencies and how they would apply to the job. Therefore, the outcome of planning should be clear about the goals to be met, responsibilities to be fulfilled and the behaviours that should contribute to team and organisational success. The compilation of job descriptions in the organization can play a significant role in this regard and would assist in establishing a certainty about what the organization expects from its employees. 2.3.2 Managing performance Managing performance has to be an ongoing process of working towards the performance expectations. According to Maloa (2001), it is probably the most neglected area of performance management. In terms of this aspect, the manager, together with the employee, reviews the employees performance on a periodic basis. If it is on target, or exceeding expectations, the manager provides positive comments to keep performance at a high level, but if performance is below expectations, the manager guides the employee in order to achieve improvement. This involves developing strategies with the employee to determine appropriate action plans. Managing this process involves three main activities, namely coaching, counselling and performance review. 2.3.3 Motivation Motivation is a basic element contributing to employee performance issues. Each person is motivated by different factors and different things (Schwartz, 1999). The first step is to figure out what will motivate your employees to do what you hired them to do. The following are views from different theorists on what motivates employees. Various theorists have developed approaches to motivation that will seek to improve performance. (Frederick Taylor, 1964), suggested that money is the primary motivator as workers would be motivated by obtaining the highest possible wages through working in the most efficient manner, based on the assumption that all people are rational, and that they are driven by the need for financial rewards and not interest in the actual work. (Abraham Maslow,1942), in contrast with Taylors view, suggested that the needs of employees can be classified in a hierarchy, represented on a pyramid with the more basic psychological needs lying at the base and each higher level consisting of a particular class of needs. According to Maslow, employees are motivated based on the level of their needs. Whilst this view has an uncomplicated appeal because its message is clear, others claim that it ignores the capacity of people and those around them to construct their own perceptions of needs and how they can be met (Arnold et al., 1998) Vroom (1964) expectancy theory states that motivation should be based on employees performance-outcome expectancy. This means that employees performance depends on what they expect to get for their efforts. 2.3.4 Training and development Staff training and development should be an important activity in any organisation. In this regard, Oakland and Oakland (2002) stressed that training and development of people at work should be recognized as an important part of human resource management. During the 1980s, major changes in many organizations resulted in increasing workloads brought about by the introduction of new technology and wider ranges of tasks. All of this required the provision of training. During the 1990s, initiatives such as TQM, ISO 9000, investors in people and benchmarking, and self-assessment using models such as among others, the BEM (British Excellence Models), further highlighted the need to train employees (DeToro and McCabe, 1997; Marchington and Wilkinson, 1997 in Oakland and Oakland: 2002). Typically, training strategies in organisations require managers to: Play an active role in training delivery (cascade training) and support (including quality tools and techniques); Receive training and development based on personal development plans (PDPs). These plans can be very useful in closing the skill gaps in performance management; Fund training and improvement activities to allow autonomy at local levels for short pay-back investments; and Co-ordinate discussions and peer assessment to develop tailored training plans for individuals. What is particularly noteworthy about the training activities is that they are almost identical to those processes and activities commonly found in the management literature on the theory of training. 2.3.5 Effective communication Communication is in essence the lifeblood of any organisation striving for world-class status. It should permeate any situation or system operating in the organisation and where people are involved. Oakland and Oakland (2002:779) stated that: It is an important facet of people management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" be it communication of organisation goals, vision strategy, business policies or communication of facts, information and data. (Collins and Porras, Larkin and Larkin, Purser and Cabana, Yinglin quoted in Oakland and Oakland, 2002). In some organisations business success, regular two-way communication, particularly face-to-face with employees, is identified as an important factor in establishing trust and the feeling of being valued. The two-way communication can also be regarded as a key management responsibility and may include: Ensuring that people are briefed on key issues in language free of jargon. Communicating honestly and as fully as possible on all issues that affect the people Encouraging team members to discuss company issues and giving upward feedback. Ensuring that issues from team members are communicated to senior managers and timely replies given. 2.4 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL 2.4.1 Distinguishing features of performance management as opposed to Performance appraisal Armstrong (1996:260) corroborated that there are a number of significant differences between performance management and the traditional appraisal schemes. Performance management in its most developed form: Involves all members of the organisation as partners in the process it is not something handed down by bosses to the subordinates; Is based upon agreements on accountability expectations and development plans. It can be seen as part of the normal interactive processes which exist between managers and teams, a continuous process not relying on a once-a-year formal review; Treats the performance review as a joint affair which is primarily concerned with looking constructively towards the future; Focuses on improving performance, developing competencies and releasing potential; Concentrates on self-managed learning giving people the encouragement they need to develop themselves with whatever guidance they need from their managers and the organisation; May not include rating at all if the process is used primarily for development and performance improvement purposes; Recognizes the need for thorough training in the required skills in order to agree on objectives, provide feedback, review performance, and coach and counsel employees; and Apart from the evident confusion regarding the interchangeable usage of the concept of performance appraisal and performance management, organisations use various terminologies to describe the appraisal process. These terms include performance review; annual appraisal; performance evaluation; employee evaluation and merit evaluation (Grobler et al 2002:260). For purposes of this study, the word performance appraisal will be preferred for use especially, in the context of the final performance evaluation for the year, which determines the appropriate reward. It should be pointed out that the appraisal seems to be associated with an annual event where emphasis is on the completion of a form and with the human resources directorate playing a primary role in administration, management and quality control. With the envisaged model, focus will not be on the human resource function but on line managers and their subordinates driving the process and human resources function playing an advisory role. Grote (1996:13) 2.4.2 Criticisms of Performance Appraisal Torrington et al (2005) criticises the appraisal system by emphasising that performance appraisal is often neglected until the time when the next appraisal come around. They also commented that performance appraisal are often bias, prejudice and subjective. It is possible that inconsistent criteria will be applied by different managers when assessing the calibre of subordinates (Schneier et al., 1991) Hendry et al also criticised the appraisal system for which they see as time consuming, bureaucratic, paper driven and top down, with little relevance to organisational performance goals. Beardwell, Holden and claydon (2004) also criticised the appraisal system by stating that often persons who carry out performance appraisals do not always have the right skills and training to conduct appraisals effectively. 2.4.3 360  ° Feedback An appraisal system that is gaining popularity is the 360-degree feedback. This is because the feedback gleaned from this is utilised as important input for career development as well as for training and development. Because of the nature of the multiple source feedback of the 360-degree process, a broad perspective of the individuals strengths and weaknesses are developed which assists them in enhancing their self-insight and in developing their full potential. Garavan, Morley and Flynn (1997) and Theron and Roodt (1999) summed up the above description by stating that the 360-degree feedback is a contrived method of providing a flow of feedback to employees from all directions thus fulfilling the need for providing the individual with a more holistic and useful set of feedback. According to McCarthy and Caravan (2001) these as alternative terms used for the 360-degree feedback. Stakeholder appraisal. Full circle appraisal. Multi-rater feedback. Multi-source assessment. Subordinate and peer appraisal. Group performance appraisal. Multi-point assessment. Multi-perspective assessment. 2.5 CONCLUSION The literature review provided the researcher with useful information on the topic of performance management, giving a clear understanding of the various aspects of the topic from a practical angle. It revealed issues regarding the Performance Management System which exists in MCDCGA, identifying its best practice and shortcomings. 3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1 Chosen Methodology This research is a dynamic study given that it is designed to determine the effectiveness of a system to bring about change in a particularly controlled environment. The research methodology consistent with this type of study is the phenomenological paradigm; consequently it provided the basis for this research. This methodology will be utilized because according to Collis and Hussey (2003), researchers are not objective, but part of what they observe. They bring their own interest and values to the research as oppose to the positivistic approach which do not regard such subjectivity. The positivistic methodology can also be applied nevertheless; the phenomenological method is selected alone because of the complications in combining the two because they are two extreme paradigms. However, both qualitative and quantitative methods will be used for collection of data. This is called data triangulation (Denzin, 1970) cited in Collis and Hussey. 3.1.1 Primary Research Primary data is obtained from a direct observation of the phenomenon under investigation or is collected personally (Welman and Kruger 2001). To ensure that primary data is collected, interviews, self-administered questionnaires and direct observation methods will be used (Struwig and Stead 2001). For this research in particular, a self-administered questionnaire and interviews will be used as data collection instruments. As Molefe (1997, pg 151) indicates, the primary data are easily obtained from responses to a questionnaire, largely because data sometimes lie buried deeply within the minds and within the attributes, feelings or reaction of people. Furthermore, by providing access to what is inside a persons mind the questionnaire makes it possible to measure what a person knows, likes or dislikes. The questionnaire is therefore a useful tool to determine perception. For the purpose of compiling a competency profile, the interviews are conducted. 3.1.2 Secondary Research Secondary data refers to the information collected by individuals or organisations other than the researcher for other purposes (Welman and Kruger, 2001). The supplementary importance of using secondary data is that it saves time, provides the opportunity to re-analyse existing data and arrive at new conclusions, and save on the cost of doing a research. The secondary data for this research is sourced through literature research and interviews held with persons responsible for the performance management process. 3.2 RESEARCH TOOLS For the purpose of this investigation, two very instrumental data collection tools will be selected, these are; interviews and questionnaires. Interviews and questionnaires are two diverse ways of conversing with people to extract their opinion and views. These two methods of extracting data will be conducted during the month of December 2009, where respondents will be given approximately four weeks to respond, and interviews will also be held during that same period. Verbal permission was granted by the Senior Human Resource Officer upon an official letter of request by the researcher to conduct interviews and questionnaires. 3.2.1 Interviews Black, Richard J (2003) describes interviews as a joint venture between the researcher and the interviewee. The reason for choosing to use an interview is to ensure that the researcher uncovers perception at a senior level. This will involve face-to-face meetings between the researcher and the interviewee. A total of three interviews will be held with the following officers: the Senior Human Resource Officer, the Accountant I, and the Performance Management Schedule Clerk III. These three persons were selected as three persons responsible for executing the performance management system in the Ministry. The procedures used to conducting these interviews were as follows: Construction of draft questions Vetting of draft for accuracy and suitability Confirm appointments with interviewees Meet with interviews by appointments Deliver questions through conversations and record responses/ Analysis of data Documentation of final analysis in a report form 3.2.2 Questionnaires This research tool will consist of a series of questions based on the objectives of and theoretical contents of this research, for the purpose of gathering information from employees of the ministry to gain an understanding from them of what have or have not been effective in relation to the aim and objectives of this research. It is chosen to help participants to give frank and honest answers. The procedures are follows for drafting questionnaires: Construction of draft questions Vetting of draft for accuracy and suitability Pilot testing on a small randomly selected sample size Determination of sample size and composition Distribution of questionnaires Collection of questionnaires Analysis of data collected The questionnaires will be constructed using the a-point likert scale to permit participants to give more perceptive replies and to state if they have no opinion by providing them with some form of rating scale. It is simple for the respondent to complete and simple for the researcher to code and analyse. 3.2.3 Sample Size The sample size refers to a sub-set of a population and should represent the main interest of the study (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Out of a total population of two hundred and fifteen (215) employees, ninety (90) employees will be selected for the sample size, which represents forty-seven (42%) of the total population. This number was chosen to represent the number of employees currently located in the Head Office. The sample size consisted of a mixture of employees from every department within the Head Office in terms of gender, age and positions to allow precision in responses. This sample size is consistent with Collis and Husseys (2003) phenomenological paradigm. Smaller sample sizes have greater chances of error associated with them. Therefore, choosing an appropriate sample size is an obvious strategy for increasing statistical power. 3.3 SUMMARY This chapter provided a theoretical foundation about the research approach and elaborated on the research methodology, the sample, and the data gathering instrument and how it was used. 4.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter analyses and interprets data and further demonstrates the effectiveness of performance management system in MCDCGA based on the theory amassed from the literature review, best practice and the environment within which the Ministry exists. The environment is emphasised because MCDCGA is a crucial agency of the public sector and is governed by constraints within that particular industry. Therefore, to be effective and efficient in this environment, performance in terms of service delivery should be at the centre of the daily activities of the Ministry. 4.1 DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONNAIRES AND ANALYSIS OF DATA A questionnaire as shown in Appendix was used as a data-gathering instrument. It consisted of twenty-seven (27) statements using the 4-point likert scale. This instrument was only distributed to the main Head Office of MCDCGA. The other supporting divisions of the Ministry was left out because of difficulties in reaching their geographical locations and because the focus of attention was to test the performance of persons directly related to the performance of the main Ministry and not the sub-divisions who have responsibility for the performances of their own divisions. The data collected was analysed based on the 5 specific group headings which seek to address the key elements of the objectives of this research. The responses based on each grouping were measured against theory and best practice to identify the effectiveness of the PMS under the different headings. 4.1.1 Overall Responses from Questionnaires Out of a Total of ninety questionnaires distributed, all were completed and returned. Therefore, although there was a response rate of 100% of the sample size, the responses actually represents 45% of the total population. The percentages hereon represent the percentage of the total population to give a fair judgement of the views of the entire Ministry. This section of the questionnaire responded to dimensions such as: Gender Age Length of service in MCDCGA In terms of this section, the respondents gender profile consisted of 27% male and 73% female whose length of services range between one and 30 years. The responses were mainly from mature employees and consisted of 100 % between the ages of 20 and under to 60 and over. 4.2.1 Deductions It is important to note that whatever conclusions this study will make later will be the views of a more mature cross-section of the ministry with a fairly long service record and adequately represented by females whose views has a history of oppression. 4.3 ASSESSMENT OF EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT The dimensions assessed in this regard were the need for: A system which is essential to the development of the employees Feedback on performance and ways to improve performance Necessary tools and equipment needed to perform effectively Motivation to perform Praise and recognition as rewards for good performances Training for all staff to enhance their performances Training and coaching for underperformers 4.3.1 Description Table 1 shows the responses and statistical representation to the statements developed to reveal whether or not the performance management system is effective in terms of employee development and also the support level based on the agreement to the various hypotheses. 4.3.2 JUSTIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS This method to assess the employees development was used to determine whether or not the PMS in the MCDCGA is effective in terms of managing the performances of the employees in an attempt to develop there abilities. The seven hypothesis/statements used were developed from the literature research based on theory from various writers on how the PMS is used to develop individuals which identified that an effective PMS is one which is used to improve employee involvement, commitment and motivation by increasing peoples sense of personal value and enhancing the individuals perception of empowerment (Fletcher and Williams, 1992) 4.3.3 INTERPRETATION OF DATA The analysis of the data to assess employee development revealed that 60% of the employees assessed are in support of the hypothesis that the PMS is needed for their individual development. However, the respondents identified areas in hypothesis 5-10, (see table 1) which questions whether the PMS which they so depend on for individual development is being effectively managed in the Ministry. The objective of this part of the research is to establish whether or not the performance management system in the ministry is designed to improve the performance and development of the employees, or is the PMS in the ministry aligned to focus on the organisational structure rather than focusing on the employees. Schwartz, 1999 described an effective PMS as one which: must be able to informs employees of areas in which they excel and areas where they can improve; it helps employees improve performance, increase productivity and experience personal satisfaction; it provides the organisation with information for human resource planning which involves strategies for motivating, rewarding and training its employees. Based on the low levels of support regarding the effectiveness of some key activities of employee development such as reward and recognition, motivation, training, provision of tools and equipment, and managing underperformance, and literature providing key information on employee development and the PMS, it can be deducted that the PMS in the ministry neglects to account for the development of the employees. This goes against performance management principles outlined in the performance management manual in the public service, which also according Torrington and Hall (1998) PMS is a system for developing employee performance, and that performance management is a shared view between the manager and the managed to gain a clear view of what is expected of the employee. 4.4 LINKING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE TO ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE The dimensions assessed in this regard were the need for: Having a clearer understanding of the ministrys performance. Translating organisational goals into individual goals Identifying what impact the employee has on the ministry overall performance. Informing employees of the, ministrys performance 4.4.1 Description The performance of the ministry is yet another measure of an effective PMS (Bevan and Thompson 1992). The following represents the responses from employees who agree based on responses in Table that: They PMS is designed to improve the Ministrys overall performance (64%) The goals of the ministry are translated into their individual goals (47 %) There performance makes a difference to the ministrys overall performance (73%) They are aware of the performance of the ministry ( 20% ) 4.4.2 JUSTIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS These hypotheses were used to determine the link between employee and organisational performance. This link is necessary based on the objectives of this, to observe how effective is the PMS in incorporating the performance of employees into the organisational performance. The organisational context, within which employee-centred performance management exists, is in the vision, mission strategy and operational plans of the organisation. While the aim of the present study is to address performance management at an individual level, it also strives to support the organisations goals by ensuring that there is a link between the work of each individual employee or manager to the overall organisational strategy, mission and vision (Williams, 1998). 4.4.3 INTERPRETATION OF DATA Based on the data provided in the table, employees are aware that their performances have a significant impact on the ministrys overall performance however; the majority disagreed to the hypothesis that they are informed of the ministrys performance. Their responses also revealed that there is no proper system in place to translate the Ministrys goals into their individual goals to make a sound contribution to the performance of the ministry. 4.5 ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The dimensions assessed in this regard were the need for: A clear understanding of what the PMS aim to achieve Understanding the purpose of the PMS Linking PMS to performance improvement Identifying the shortcomings of the system 4.5.1 JUSTIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS These hypotheses were used as a basis for this research as it seeks to investigate the effectiveness of the PMS. The statements were structured around testing the effectiveness through the perceptions of the employees and are based on the research objectives and theoretical data from the literature review. 4.5.2 INTERPRETATION OF DATA The data collected based on Hypothesis No. 15, revealed that 43% of respondents do not have a clear understanding of what the PMS aim to achieve however, based on Hypothesis No. 16, 87% believed that the purpose of the PMS is to align performance to organisational objectives. This says a lot about the PMS in terms of its effectiveness, since respondents seem to be clue less as to what the PMS really is, however the term Performance management on the whole is usually difficult to define as there is no commonplace definition accepted (Hartle, 1995). Hypothesis #18: The PMS focuses more on organisational performances and less on employee objectives. A total of 73 % of the respondents supported this view, based on Armstrong, (1998), however, the focus now is on people. Its about how individuals work together to achieve shared aims. Hypothesis 21 shows 56% of the respondents have no idea about what their performance standards are, their were also significant percentages revealing that the PMS does not give the employee the opportunity to discuss their performance with their supervisors, thus, based on the responses, the PM system is showing signs of inefficiency. 4.6 ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL The Performance Appraisal/ review are a key component of an effective Performance management framework. These hypothesis statements were developed to get an understanding of how efficient the performance management system is by evaluating the performance appraisal. Hypothesis #23: 87% of the respondents felt that Performance Management is usually only made mention of at the end of the year during the processing of staff reports. Hypothesis #24: 63% of respondents agreed that the performance appraisal assists in improving their performance. Hypothesis # 25: 83 % of respondent agreed that the performance appraisal provides feedback on their performance) In most ministries within the Government services, performance appraisal is conducted once for the year à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" at the end of each year. Torrington and Hall (1998) found that an effective PMS is one where there is continuous assessment. Performance Appraisals should not rely on once every year, or twice every year, it should be continuous (Armstrong, 2000). Performance appraisals focus on developing and realising competencies, thereby focusing on improving performance, recognising training and feedback. 4.7 SECONDARY DATA: INTERVIEWS Based on the data collected from the questionnaires the following observations were made. There is no formal structure for the PMS. Performance management is seen as appraising employees, although there are clear distinctions between performance appraisal and performance management (Armstrong, 1996) Measuring performance is difficult in terms of productivity and efficiency, because of the nature of the organisation and the industry to which it belong. Performance is measured by punctuality and absenteeism. The present performance management system neglects the supporting activities needed to develop and improve the employees. The ministry seems to progressing well without a formal PMS structure. The appraisal system is highly subjective and does not provide any feedback. Managers are not equipped with the necessary tools to conduct a meaningful appraisal (Breadwell, Holden, Claydon , 2004) Performance is often neglected until the end of the year appraisal. Individual performance is not linked to the ministrys overall performance. The Ministrys vision, mission and objectives are not communicated to staff. 4.8 Conclusion Based on this research and the objectives of this research,, which aligned the current practices of Performance management to theory, it can be concluded that the Performance management system is not effective. RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONS: 5.1 Recommendations The following recommendations are based on the descriptive and inferential reviews discussed in the previous chapters. It is recommended that a structured/formal process of managing performance be developed to support the staff component and thereby have a meaningful contribution towards organisational development. Training and development across the border to include Managers to better prepare them for conducting meaningful appraisals, and to develop the performance of employees that will impact positively on the performance of the Ministry. Send staff on retreats to keep them informed of the ministrys strategy. This will also give them a sense of belonging that will foster improvements in their overall performance. Reward and recognition strategies could be implemented to reward workers and foster an organisational culture committed to rewarding and recognising performances, whilst at the same time developing strategies to manage poor performances. 5.2 CONCLUSION This chapter gave recommendations about performance management based on the empirical research conducted as well as theory and good practice on the topic. Although the response rate was somewhat low for known reasons, it was however encouraging to note that the organisational climate and culture at MCDCGA was quite receptive to performance management. The research has identified deficiencies in the current performance management system that is in need of being addressed. It is with much hope that the issues addressed in the recommendations be put to use to curb these issues and develop an environment which contributes highly towards high levels of performance, both and the individual and organisational levels.

Essay about Gang Intelligence Methods in Law Enforcement

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The novel Jekyll and Hyde Free Essays

Written in the 1880’s by famous British author Robert Louis Stephenson, the novel Jekyll and Hyde is about one man with dissociative personalities. Jekyll and Hyde, although are portrayed to be two very different characters all together, are in fact the same man, wanting to fulfil certain â€Å"evil† pleasures whilst still being a well respected member of society. However both of these desires cannot be overcome without a magic potion created by Dr Jekyll, used to transform himself into the ghastly looking and somewhat evil being, known in this book as Hyde – his other half. We will write a custom essay sample on The novel Jekyll and Hyde or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the late 1800’s there were a few ideas and theories arising which could be what inspired Stephenson to write such an odd and interesting book. The significant developments in ideas which could be associated with this story are Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and Sigmund Freud’s psychological theories on dissociative personalities, which came around at the time of Stephenson writing this book. These could be linked to how Hyde is from an era where there was no such thing as morality, Hyde can also link to Freud’s id (animal instinct), ego (what controls us in order to achieve others approval) and superego (sense of self), in this way Jekylls id takes over. Stephenson could also be proving a point about the class system at that time in the UK as there was a large class division, where as Jekyll has a rich, well off posh lifestyle and Hyde is a character who is â€Å"crude† and appears to be of a lower class, not at all respected in the society in which he lives. The first example of Stephenson portraying Hyde as being evil comes midway though the first chapter where he is first described as â€Å"a little man stumping along. † Already he is portrayed to have an ugly negative appearance, and his physical descriptions are one of the main ways which Stephenson describes Hyde overall. Next he is shown to knock over a small child in the street, and one may assume this was an accident, and it most likely was, however when Hyde shows no affection to the girl he just knocked over, and literally tramples over her, the audience knows he is a bad character. Mr Enfield (a friend of the lawyer; Mr Utterson) after seeing this describes the incident as â€Å"hellish† and Hyde as â€Å"a damned juggernaut†, which relates Hyde to becoming violent as the Indian God of war known as Jaggernafth. Here he is also compared to Satan, which refers him to evil yet again. Another way in which Stephenson portrays Hyde to be evil is through his physical descriptions, however there is a vagueness of his facial descriptions due to the fact other people find him indescribably ugly. In chapter 8 he is said by Poole (Jekylls butler) to â€Å"have a mask upon his face† as such an appearance is too inhuman and unnatural to be that of a normal man. Also in that chapter Hyde is commonly referred to as â€Å"it† rather than â€Å"him† which suggest he has a lack of humanity. He is also called a â€Å"creature† and described as having a dismal screech, as of mere animal terror. This creates a sense of animal imagery, which is one of the ways that Stephenson portrays Hyde as being evil. Hyde’s clothes are described to be far too big, and that is because they are the exact same clothes worn by Dr Jekyll. This therefore shows that Jekyll is considerably taller than Hyde, and Stephenson here could be saying that not only does Jekyll overshadow Hyde in a physical sense, but also in the sense that the good in Jekyll is much greater than the evil in Jekyll. Dr Jekyll is a rather interesting character who wants and respects his good reputation, but still craves some of life’s somewhat quirky pleasures. Should we question if Jekyll is as morally good as people, such as his close friends think he is, or if he is simply a scientist with urges to fulfil? In chapter ten Jekyll describes his â€Å"duplicity† and he also describes his first feelings of his â€Å"new life† as Hyde. After the â€Å"racking pangs† of the initial transformations, Jekyll describes himself as feeling â€Å"indescribably new† and â€Å"incredibly sweet†. He feels â€Å"younger, lighter happier in body† and he also talks about the â€Å"freedom† of his soul, what is also interesting is how he felt â€Å"wicked† yet delighted. This is the first point in which the audience know Jekyll and Hyde are in fact one, but also that Jekyll enjoys his transformation from good to evil. This idea of Jekyll enjoying his transformation suggests that maybe Jekyll is actually not so morally good. Also Jekyll describing his † dual nature† and saying â€Å"I concealed my pleasures† also go to show maybe Jekyll isn’t the most morally good character which goes beside other character opinions on him such as Dr Lanyon’s â€Å"He began to go wrong in the mind. He does however get more pleasing and positive descriptions at the start of the story, where Mr Utterson compliments him, saying he is a â€Å"well-made, smooth faced man† who throws â€Å"pleasant dinners† and who’s personality was one of sincerity. As well as himself, his house is described as â€Å"comfortable† â€Å"warmed† by Utterson which could reflect Dr Jekyll as a person. On top of this, the den otations â€Å"F. R. S. are next to his name, which stand for Fellow of the Royal Society, and to be in such a highly respected club portrays Jekyll as a man with a much esteemed reputation and a man of high intellect. These qualities of Jekyll alongside others like his â€Å"nature to industry† and â€Å"high head† that when put against his dark secrets and new good feelings after his first transformation, show that Jekyll is generally good but is only human so he will have his secrets, which as deep as they may be, show that he is not evil, but nobodies perfect? From reading this book, it is clear to see that Stephenson uses several ways to show the true personalities of Jekyll and Hyde. The first way in which Hyde is depicted to be evil is through the descriptions of his actions, in Chapter one he is described to be stumping along and this creates a sense of negativity rather than just walking. The violence and severity of the verbs Stephenson uses also contribute to the portrayal of Hyde’s evil nature. He also uses animal imagery such as â€Å"ape-like fury† which compares him to an animal, a creature with no morals, and of a lower class. Then there is Jekyll, who Stephenson portrays to be the complete opposite of Hyde, and does this by talking about his privileged background, good stature and good looks, and also gives him the title Dr rather than Mr, as anyone would think of a Dr as a well respected and highly intellectual member of society. How to cite The novel Jekyll and Hyde, Papers

Quantitative Research and Black Males free essay sample

On the run: Wanted men in a Philadelphia Ghetto. American Sociological Association, 74(3), 339-357. After reading the article, it was clear that it was written to give insight on what really happens in black neighborhoods and how daily lives are affected. Goffman’s (2009) purpose is to show that, â€Å"Although recent increases in imprisonment are concentrated in poor Black communities, we know little about how daily life within these neighborhoods is affected† (p. 39). Additionally, there are no research questions directly stated, but are implied throughout the article as to how exactly prejudice and racism towards the black communities can affect a black person’s life and to those around him. The major independent variable in the analysis is that over the years, young black males with little or no education have been imprisoned at least once in their life. The number of people being incarcerated keeps growing. The dependent variable ,or effect, of this cause is how being incarcerated even just once, can affect their daily lives in getting employment and always being on the run because of fear of being incarcerated again. The article did show theoretical frameworks as part of the literature review which focused on young uneducated black males. This article focused on the failure of young black men’s color, on how they could get arrested just by being seen as a black male. Other research and/or studies would focus on the â€Å"ghetto,† not just as a black male ghetto, but possibly people from other origins who live in ghettos such as Latino gang members. Goffman (2009) focuses only on black male gender theory. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used in the article. For quantitative methods, a percentage of black males being imprisoned were shown. As evidence, Pettit and Western (2004) stated, â€Å"30 percent of those with only high school diplomas have been to prison, and 60 percent of those who did not finish high school have prison records by their mid-30s,† (p. 39). Wildeman (2009) also stated, â€Å"One in four Black children born in 1990 had a father imprisoned,† (p. 339). For the qualitative method, Goffman (2009) used descriptive events and places that she was actually involved and observed in. The research design made the article more understanding and interesting by giving us a clear picture of how pe rcent numbers grew for black males being incarcerated and how the outcome of it affected their daily lives. In order to obtain information for the article, Goffman (2009) would actually spend time hanging out with young male men who had a record of being incarcerated and living in a bad neighborhood where cop surveillance had increased. Goffman (2009) would be, â€Å"spending most of my waking hours hanging out on Chuck’s back porch steps, or along the alley way between his block and Mike’s block,† and â€Å"for the next four years I spent two and six days a week on 6th street and roughly one day a week visiting members of the group in jail and prison,† (p. 42). The data collection Goffman (2009) obtained consisted of observations and actually taking field notes with the young men’s consent, although she would not directly ask questions. Goffman (2009) used quotes of what people would say by, â€Å"typing it down directly onto a laptop or by using a cell phone text message,† (p. 342). She also interviewed lawyers, police officers, probation officer s and a judge to get more research information for the article. Goffman (2009) analyzed the data she obtained by observing actual events that went on in Black communities and placing them in the article very descriptively. They were systematically described by the events being in order and giving readers a clear view of imagining what exactly was happening. As a result of all the evidence put together, Goffman (2009) found out that because black males had been incarcerated they were the main target of being incarcerated again because of their color, due to this fact they live in fear of going back to jail and are always on the run. They cannot keep a decent life and those around them such as family, friends, and girlfriends use the fact that they can be incarcerated again to their advantage to get money, keep them â€Å"in check†, and to get payback if they’ve been done wrong by them. Goffman (2009) also stated that, â€Å"Young men also turn their wanted status into a resource by using it to account for shortcomings or failures that may have occurred anyway,† (p. 354). These findings are accurately and adequately described so that readers can evaluate the claims and have a good picture of how their lives are affected. The research findings matter to me in a sense that I now have a much broader understanding on what black males go through in the type of neighborhoods that they live in. I was able to see how prejudice and racism also play a big role in young black male men being the target of being incarcerated. The issue in American society that may have shaped this article and research is racism because due to a male’s color they are automatically suspected of doing something wrong and whether or not they’ve done something wrong at the time they are taken to jail. Very much creditability should be given to the research and findings of this article because it helps us see the side of the story we did not know about. The research is solid and very useful because it helps us understand how and why young male black men live in fear and can’t lead a normal life without actually being caught by authorities. Goffman’s (2009) article helps provide a new outlook on how lives are in fact affected in Black neighborhoods.

Hate crimes free essay sample

What is a hate crime? A crime motivated by racial, sexual, or other prejudice How many hate crimes were recorded by the FBI in its most recent hate crime report? 6,222 According to the Petrosinos article and our text, were there hate crimes before hate crime laws? Give examples and discuss. What is a lynching? How many lynchings are estimated to have taken place in our country? What are some reasons that people were lynched? (www. withoutsanctuary. org) Killing people in mob form. 4,743 lynchings were estimated to happen. Reasons were people blamed blacks for their financial problems after slavery was ended. Whites were lynched for helping blacks. Who was Emmett Till? A 14 year old African American boy, who was murdered after reportedly flirting with a white woman. Her husband beat Till and gouged out one of his eyes then shot him in the head and threw him in a river When and why were the Civil Rights Acts (CRA) passed? Passed in 1964 after John F. We will write a custom essay sample on Hate crimes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kennedys speech where he said this country will not be free until all its citizens are free What were the limitations of the CRA in the context of hate crimes? Only applied if the victim of the crime is engaged during one of the six federally protected activities, like voting or an involvement with inner state commerce When were the first hate crime laws passed? In the 1990’s What are the four types of hate crime laws and what do they do? You should be able to discuss each in detail. 1990 – Hate crimes statistics act. Collect data from local law enforcements 1994 – Hate crimes sentencing enhancement act – increase sentencing on hate crime offenders 1994 – Violence against women act – victims of gender based crimes can sue attackers 1997 – Church Arson Prevention Act – increase penalties for damage to places of worship The federal hate crime law, known as the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Act, significantly expands federal jurisdiction over hate crimes and the scope of what is protected under federal law. Explain. The original hate crime law protected people of different race, color, religion, sex or national origin. This act expands current hate crimes law to include violence based on gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability How are hate crime laws justified in terms of the theories of deterrence, retribution and symbolic messages? Explain the arguments under each theory. Deterrence – These laws will discourage people from committing the crime because of worse penalties. In the offenders mind the risk of worse penalties can outweigh the potential benefits of the crime. Retribution- Hate crime victims suffer more psychologically and emotionally with feelings of humiliation, isolation, and self hatred. Hate crimes tend to be â€Å"excessively brutal† as well so they could have more physical trauma. Symbolic Messages – The laws teach the moral and social norms of the community. Also the punishment declares that in the society the offense is not tolerated so it can make the victims feel better. According to the Henry and the Jacobs/Potter chapters (BB), what are the limitations/challenges/consequences of hate crime laws? The Hate Debate What does the First Amendment protect? protect the freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition What are â€Å"fighting words† and are they protected by the First Amendment? – Fighting words receive no First Amendment Protection because they are not normally part of any dialogue or exposition of ideas What is motive, and how is it different from intent? From what evidence can motive be inferred? Motive is used to explain why a person acted or refused to act in a certain way. It is the reason why the crime was committed. Intent is the supposed action or purpose of the crime. It is the result of motive, deliberate breaking of the law. What are the challenges faced by legislators in passing laws regulating hate on the internet? What challenges do prosecutors face in fighting hate crime on the internet? What did the Supreme Court rule in: Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire- the Court articulated the fighting words doctrine, a limitation of the First Amendments guarantee of freedom of speech Wisconsin v. Mitchell Wisconsins law that increased the penalty for racially motivated crimes did not violate the First Amendment. Mitchells conviction and increased penalty were constitutional. The Court ruled that a state may consider whether a crime was committed or initially considered due to an intended victims status in a protected class Black v. Virginia Cross-burning can be a criminal offense if the intent to intimidate is proven. How does the 14th Amendment relate to hate crime laws? The 14th amendment guarantees equal protection and hate crime laws give worse penalties to crimes against certain people. Which groups are protected under hate crime statutes? What are the policy implications from the inclusion or exclusion of certain groups? Who was Marc Lepine? A 25 year-old from Montreal, Canada who murdered fourteen women and wounded ten women and four men at a school. He separated the men and women in the room and shot the women. He had often complained about women working in nontraditional jobs Why might a victim fail to report a hate crime? Discuss. They could have poor relations with the police, because they are inhibited by cultural or linguistic factors, or because they are among the people who are the most voiceless in our societies. Also they might not want people to know that they are in the LGBT community. Why might the police fail to report or label a hate crime? Disucss. Police might not report or label a hate crime because they do not want to bring negative media to their town. The town where Matthew Sheppard was murdered is now known for that reason. What challenges are there to the prosecution of hate crime? Proving motive may be easy but proving intent is very hard unless there is specific evidence proving it was a hate crime. What are some of the potentially paradoxical impacts of hate crime? The laws can increase prejudice. The offender could dislike the group he assaulted because if it wasn’t for them none of it would have happened. Also it might make people feel that certain groups are getting special treatment. Hate Crime Targets What happened to James Byrd in Jasper, Texas? He was stopped by three men, two of which were white supremacists in a pickup truck who tied him to the truck with rope and dragged him down the road. He died after hitting his head on an edge. What is anti-Semitism? Prejudice against or hatred of Jews According to Jeffrey Salkin, Regional Director of the ADL, what historical events influence modern stereotypes about Jewish people? What are the definitions of the terms? Gay A homosexual person usually used to describe men but may be used to describe women as well. Lesbian – a homosexual woman Bisexual A homosexual person usually used to describe men but may be used to describe women as well. Heterosexual A person who is emotionally, physically, and/or sexually attracted and committed to the members or a gender or sex that is seen to be the â€Å"opposite† or other than the one with which they identify or are identified. Also called â€Å"straight† Homosexual- A person who is primarily and/or exclusively attracted to members of what they identify as their own sex or gender. A clinical term that originated in the late 1800s. Some avoid the word because it contains the base word â€Å"sex. † The terms â€Å"lesbian, bi and gay† are preferred by many in the LGBT community. Transgender This term has many definitions. It is frequently used as an umbrella term to refer to all people who deviate from their assigned gender at birth or the binary gender system. This includes transsexuals, cross-dressers, gender queers, drag kings, drag queens, two-spirit people, and others. Some transgender people feel they exist not within one of the two standard gender categories, but rather somewhere between, beyond or outside of those two genders. Transsexual A person who, through experiencing an intense, long-term discomfort resulting from feeling the inappropriateness of their assigned gender at birth and discomfort of their body, adapts their gender role and body to reflect and be congruent with their gender identity. How are hate crimes based on sexual orientation different from other hate crimes? There are still 15 states that do not include hate crime laws that do not include sexual orientation. It has been a big debate because people say sexual orientation is a choice and if they include sexual orientation it may open the door for other federal and civil rights. According to the Herek article (BB), what percentage of hate crimes based on sexual orientation are not reported to the police? Why do are many of these crimes unreported? What makes these crimes unique? Who was Matthew Sheppard and what happened to him? McKinney and Henderson who were giving Sheppard, a gay boy, a ride home subsequently drove the car to a remote, rural area and proceeded to rob, pistol-whip, and torture Sheppard, tying him to a fence and leaving him to die because he was gay. What events led up to the genocide in Rwanda? Who were the Hutus and the Tutsis? Describe what happened during the Rwandan genocide. What was the response of the international community? President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda was returning from a summit in Tanzania when a surface-to-air missile shot his plane out of the sky over Rwandas capital city of Kigali. The Hutus were about 90% of Rwanda’s population and Tutsis were about 10%. On August 3, 1993 when Habyarimana signed the Arusha Accords, which weakened the Hutu hold on Rwanda and allowed Tutsis to participate in the government. This greatly upset Hutu extremists. The Hutus extremists went on a mass slaughtering of all Tutsis for 100 days killing about 800,000 people total. The international community refused to acknowledge the genocide and did not do anything to help. They refused to declare that a government guilty of exterminating its citizens would never receive international assistance. Hate Offenders What is the profile of the â€Å"typical† hate offender? Young, white, and male; he does not come form an especially impoverished backround; he has little or no previous contact with the hate criminal justice system; and he does not beling to an organized hate group. Identify and discuss the different types of offender motivations. Give examples. Thrill Seeking Crimes – the most common type. The offender’s, almost always young and in small groups, were just bored and looking for some fun. Not everyone in the group may be bias but the leader usually is. Reactive crimes – the perpetrator is reacting to what he considers to be an intrusion. Some incident triggers an expression of anger. They usually do not go out of their neighborhood to commit these crimes. The victim happened upon them. Mission Crimes- The rarest type, the offender, usually acting alone, seeks to rid the world of a particular kind of people whom he views as evil. Offenders are usually deeply troubled and sometimes even psychotic. Retaliatory Crimes – a person hears a report or rumor of a hate incident against his or her own group and takes revenge by committing a crime against a member of the initial supposed offending group. What is group think? Groups sometimes strive so much to maintain consensus that critical thinking is usually discouraged. Groups of people often make poor decisions, even though the individuals involved may be aware that they are poor decisions and may not have reached the same decisions on their own. Identify and discuss several experiments that illustrate the principle of group think? Zimbardo Stanford mock prison experiment Students were randomly assigned as guards or prisoners to try and realistically replicate the conditions of a real prison. It had to be stopped because the guards were getting very brutal. Milgram shock experiment – An actor scientist had a volunteer shock a person if they did not answer the question correctly (nobody really got shocked). The person would scream when the volunteer shocked them and the teacher would say keep going and they did even though they knew it was wrong. Asch line Experiment – A group actors and one person were in a room and they asked what line was the longest. The actors would all give the wrong answer and the volunteer would go along even though it was an obvious answer. What is prejudice? Making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. What is a stereotype? A thought that may be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things, but that belief may or may not accurately reflect reality What is the difference between an in-group and an out-group? An in-group is a social unit an individual belongs to, interacts with, and shares a sense of â€Å"we-ness† with. An out-group, on the other hand, is a social unit or group of people that an individual neither belongs to nor identifies with. What is the role of the family in creating bigotry? Kids often take the role of their father or mother. If at a young age a child’s parents openly express their prejudices the child will often take their same views. Identify and discuss the situational factors identified in class and in the book that contribute to bigotry (groups, economics, social milieu, culture). What is group think? How does that relate to hate crime commission? Why do people join organized hate groups? They usually do not have hatred toward certain groups but they are targeted by organized hate groups and lured into groups. Organized Hate Groups According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, how many hate groups were there in 2012? 1007 Identify and discuss the characteristics shared among all (or most) hate groups? Their viewpoints are bigoted. One of their primary goals is to advance their own interest at the expense of those they oppose. Usually have official membership criteria. They are organized Identify and discuss characteristics of the right wing racial movement and the white resistence movement. Explain the history the KKK as described in our text. After the civil war over and slavery was ended, many white southerners felt threatened. The wealthy feared losing their source of cheap labor. In 1865 the kkk was born. Who was Mulugeta Seraw? He was an Ethiopian student and father who went to the United States to attend college. He was killed in November 1988, at age 28, in Portland, Oregon by three white supremacists Identify and discuss the primary ideologies that are shared by many hate groups. Power – Hate groups are usually dedicated to gaining power, generally at the expense of other groups. White supremacists are concerned with losing their control over others. Racial Separatism Antipathy for the same groups – hate against groups such as Jews, people of color, and immigrants Antipathy for particular beliefs and actions – hate against beliefs or actions such as abortion, political liberalism, feminism. Based on the Blazak article (BB) and our text, describe the process of recruitment into and defection from hate groups. They focus on schools or neighborhoods where there is already some people of their group or where there was some perceived threat to straight, white males like areas where there had been large layoffs, where white students had been victimized by minority gangs, or where multiculturalism had recently been introduced into the curriculum. Then direct attention to individuals who are experiencing strain because of being left out, frustrated, or harassed. They offer programs to to solve their problems in live and offer structure What activities are performed by hate groups? Meetings – speeches, cross lightings, sales of t-shirts, CDs, and more. Music Rallies – get media publicity, reinforce to members that they are actually doing something, and offer opportunity for violence because of counterdemonstrators. Propaganda – fliers, pamphlets, newsletters and more. Internet – Websites that include propaganda Organized Political Activity Socializing What is the role of women in hate groups? There are women in hate groups and even a group called the mothers movement that was racist, anti Semitic, and against WWII. Fighting Hate What is Alport’s contact hypothesis? To reduce prejudice, put members of disparate groups together on equal footing for sufficient periods of time and to provide support for their cooperation in achieving a common goal. What is the Robber Cave experiment? The experimenters arranged for two emergencies to occur (a stuck bus and a broken water supply). The camp counselors then encouraged the rival groups of boys to work together to overcome these emergencies. The boys did so, and hostilities between the groups were greatly decreased. What is the jigsaw classroom? Children in a recently desegregated school in Texas were placed into small, racially integrate groups. Each member was given a unique set of information, and they were going to be tested on all of the info at the end. So they had to rely on their classmates in order to do well on the test. Can laws change bigotry? Why or why not? Laws can change signs of prejudice and, in time, attitudes are likely to follow. The best way to change attitudes is to change behavior first. Discuss the primary goals and approaches of the following organizations in combating hate: Southern Poverty Law Center civil rights organization dedicated to fighting hate and bigotry, and to seeking justice for the most vulnerable members of society. known for tracking and exposing the activities of hate groups. Documentary films, books, lesson plans and other materials that promote tolerance and respect in our nation’s schools Anti-Defamation League – Eliminate anti-Jewish stereotypes in the media and to combat other forms of anti-Semitism. Tracking extremists both in the us and abroad. Civil rights activism. Simon Wiesenthal Center – Combat hate through education. Opened the museum of tolerance, which has interactive multimedia exhibits on the holocaust and on prejudice in general. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force – Promote the civil rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people. Identify and discuss different models of rehabilitation. Victim-offender mediation – the victim and the offender are brought together, and the victim has the opportunity to describe the harm he or she has experienced and to ask questions, the offender can offer apologies or explanations. The goal is for the parties to reach a mutually acceptable agreement for reconciliation. Counseling or education programs – counseling on topics such as anger management and parenting skills. Listen to speakers from different ethnic and social groups, listen to victims of hate crimes, and learn about the law. Less formal ways – an offender might be ordered to tour a holocaust museum, or listen to a holocaust survivor or hate crime victim. Matched with a mentor of the group they hate. What is the Not In My Town anti-hate program? In a town where there were a lot of hate incidents, several community organizations passed anti-hate resolutions, people participated in pro-tolerance marches and vigils, and local residents donated time and paint to clean up racist graffiti. As described in your text and as discussed in class, identify and discuss the major efforts to fight hate. Are these efforts likely to be effective? Education of youth or the public in general Lobbying for anti-hate laws Monitoring organized hate groups Strengthening law enforcement efforts Public relations campaigns Victim-offender mediation Offender counseling and education Lawsuits against offenders and others

Repetitive Stress Injury RSI

Repetitive Stress Injury RSI Free Online Research Papers Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) is a very serious injury. To fully understand it, you must know what it is. You must also know the symptoms are, and how you can get it. What occupations does RSI usually occur in? Are there any ways to prevent it? Are there exercises that you can do to prevent it? How can employers prevent this in their employees? In the following paper, you will understand all of these questions and hopefully learn a lot about RSI. Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) is a disorder in which the muscles and tendons get overused. â€Å"Any activity with repetitive action brings with it the risk of RSI.† (Brown University 2008) This can happen even when you don’t recognize it. If you do the same thing over and over again, you tire the muscle and tendon. RSI injuries can be very painful and you can lose all function of the affected area if you do not get treatment. RSI can affect various parts of the body, not just the hands and wrists. It can involve the neck, shoulders, and even the legs and feet. (faqs.org 2009) When RSI affects the neck, you are probably using your neck a lot. RSI injuries that are neck related do not happen as much as other areas, but if it happens, it happens usually when a person plays sports. For example football players use their necks a lot so they are more likely to get a RSI injury to the neck. RSI that occurs in the arms, wrists, and hands happens when people use their arms, wr ists, and hands a lot. An example of this would be someone who uses the computer a lot, a sewer who uses his or her hands repeatedly over and over again, or a pottery worker who molds clay and uses their hands repeatedly. An example of a shoulder related RSI injury would be a baseball player using his shoulder muscle or tendon to pitch the ball. Each person who comes up to bat gets a pitch. That’s a lot of repetitive motion on the shoulders. The legs and feet RSI would be someone who has to move their legs and feet a lot. For example, someone who used the sewing machine that you need to push down repeatedly with their legs and feet would get a RSI injury to the legs and feet. RSI is not something you can catch. Some people who do repetitive things do not develop RSI, but others do. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), RSI has gotten worse over the years. â€Å"In 1972 23,800 people had RSI and in 1994 332,000 had it†. (bls.gov, 2009) With that figure, it suggests that RSI will increase every year. There are a lot of signs and symptoms of RSI. It is very important to not to ignore the first symptoms of RSI because it is very hard to treat once it is advanced. RSI injuries affecting the hands, wrists, and arms are the feeling of the body part going to sleep, numbness, and tingling. (beadwork.about.com 2009) A very prominent sign that you have RSI is if you wake up at night because of the pain in your arm, hand or wrists. The pain can either be dull or sharp. Your limb could feel rubbery as if it were not a part of your body. If it wakes you up at night, then it’s not something to be ignored because it could get worse. Another symptom you could experience is coldness in the affected body part. The limb can actually look a couple shades lighter than the other parts of the body. One more symptom is not being able to do the normal things you normally do. The loss of strength in the affected area makes the person unable to do the things they used to do.The last symptom that is a good sign that you have RSI is pain in the neck, or shoulder areas when you sit at the computer. You will find yourself trying to bend and twist to try to get the pain away but it doesn’t work because the strain has already occurred. People who use the computer a lot are a lot more susceptible to RSI. Bad posture, incorrect hand placement on the keyboard, and time spent on the computer are ways to get RSI too. Bad posture at the computer makes RSI inevitable. Bad posture puts a strain on the body. Another way to get RSI is being at the computer for long hours with not enough breaks in between. You are not only in the same position and doing the same thing, you can also get headaches from staring at the computer screen for a long period of time. The most common occupations to get RSI, are those on the computer a lot, and athletes. Occupations that use the computer a lot are computer programmers, network and security, medical secretaries, medical technologists including pharmacists, and business. The sport athletes that get RSI a lot are baseball players, golfers, and football players. Computer Programmers, network and security, medical secretaries and technologists, require you to be on the computer for most of the time that you are at work! If you think about this, this is a lot of time! If the average employee works forty hours, and usually works about twenty hours over time that’s sixty hours out of one hundred sixty eight spent doing a lot of repetitive motions. These occupations are vital to the United States of America. Without these occupations our country would plummet. If these occupations are vital, how can we reduce the number of injuries with RSI? A good way to reduce the number of injuries associated with RSI is to take breaks from the repetitive thing that you are doing. If you work in an office with computers, take short breaks. If this is not available for you or you can’t take short breaks you can still take miniature breaks. You can look away from the computer for a couple of minutes and close your eyes. Don’t close your eyes too long though, or your boss may think that you are cat napping! You can also do little exercises. You can take your hands and wrists and stretch them so that they can be relaxed. Stretch your back, your neck and if you can stretch your legs too! Also, make sure the temperature where you work is comfortable and not too cold and not too hot. If you cannot control this, as a lot of us can’t, accommodate the situation. If it is too cold where you work because of air conditioning then put a sweater on. If its too hot, buy a little fan to keep yourself cool. The reason this is imp ortant is because if your body gets too cold or hot you tend not to take yourself away from working. You also tend to slouch and your posture is bad. Another thing you can do to reduce your chance of having RSI is to get a comfortable chair to sit on. Make sure the chair is adjustable so that it can support your back. It is good to have a chair that has arms so you can rest your arms periodically on them. Also, you can position the keyboard in your lap so that your arms can have a rest. Try not to use the mouse. A track ball is better because it glides easier. When you are reading something at the computer, do not keep your hand on the mouse. This makes your arms tense. Whenever you can, try to relax your body. Another good way to get your body out of the bad posturing is to bring little snacks to boost yourself up. Nothing messy of course, but if you suck on a candy it will help you because you are not just working. The main way to prevent RSI is to practice ergonomics. This is the art of designing the job to fit the worker, not the other way around. Ergonomics is looking at your work environment and seeing what triggers your stresses and pains and what doesn’t. This includes the physical and environmental parts of your job. It is not possible to control everything about where you work, but if you can eliminate the stuff you can, you will be less likely to get an injury from RSI. If you already have RSI, you can treat it. Sometimes you may have to have surgery if you ignored the symptoms and let it progress to that stage. When you notice the symptoms of RSI, The first way you can treat it would be resting! If you rest the affected body part it will be easier for you to heal. Another way is to change your environment. As I stated above ergonomics will help you do this. It is very important to do those things because it will help. A lot of the times when someone has been diagnosed with RSI the doctors will prescribe an anti-inflammatory pill. This works because it helps the inflamed area to heal by taking away the inflamed part. One other way to treat RSI is a mixture of hot and cold compresses. The mixture of heat and cold compresses help soothe the inflamed area. If employers took the time to have a class before the employee started work with their job in computers, a lot of the injuries associated with RSI would go down. Both the employer and the employee would be informed on how to do the correct job and still be in good health down the line. Employees would stay at the job longer because they would feel cared about and would look forward to going to work. Most employers do not do this because of the time involved in doing so, and they are not mandated to do so. More and more people become victims of RSI because of the lack of knowledge about RSI. If there were more information about it and the serious complications that come with it, it would be looked at more closely. RSI is an increasing problem. People need to be aware of RSI, so that it has less of an effect on our world. Knowledge is power and together we can inform everyone about RSI. ? Drudi, D. (1997). Have Disorders Associated with Repeated Trauma Stopped Increasing. In Safety and Health. Retrieved on 4/28/2009, from bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/summer1997brief4.pdf ?Take Great Care of Your Hands (2009). Retrieved on 4/28/2009, from http://beadwork.about.com/od/tipstricksandtems/ss/Hand_Care_2.htm ?What is RSI? (2009). Retrieved on April 28, 2009, from www.faqs.org/faqs/uk/health/rsi/section-2.html Research Papers on Repetitive Stress Injury RSIThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductLifes What IfsResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Literacy - Essay Example However, he does not apply it, instead he sells the bags to get money for food and clothes and during harvesting, he gets minimal returns. The farmer goes to the company complaining of poor pay while he â€Å"did all the work† on the farm and so needs pay increase. Such a farmer can read and write his name and receipts but he cannot figure out that the reason he is being given the fertilizer is to boost production. Such a person knows how to read and write but he is not literate as a literate person could be able to figure out this. Literacy and literary skills is an important course to undertake because it helps make people realize the act of being responsible and trying to think critically in some situations. This also helps students to uphold their spiritual norms, as they will be able to interpret their respective books of faith and norms of the society hence sanity restoration. Since the start of the course, students already knew how to read and write and was expected that as such they should be able to read the spiritual book and know how to behave and relate while on campus. However, as it happens sometime students do not understand the rules or how to apply them in real life. This means that they can read but they are not able to apply the knowledge in their daily life and therefore literacy goes beyond mere reading or writing. A writer like Freire for example was not educated because he could not learn while hungry. In addition, he now advocates for both adults and young people to be taught how to read and write. He says, â€Å"Because education and literacy empower people to overcome oppression by giving them the ability to understand the manipulations.† On the other hand, Mirabelli was for literacy n the catering department. Waiters should have literacy on how to read but also apply it in how to serve well the customers. Literacy is a very vital thing in the society. It helps to restore

Themes in African History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Themes in African History - Assignment Example Based on the country you are focused on for your SPA project, which of those processes applies to your country of study (Akare et al, 2001, P 52). List at least 3 things that led to that country’s independence. 1. Resistance or rebellion 2. International support from the US and UNO 3. Use of diplomacy between the Ghanaians and the British. 4. Even though African leaders would become free of â€Å"European political control†, what sometimes didn’t change in Africa, especially in regards to their ongoing relationships with their former European colonial power? [Especially with the French, but also the British]: With both the French and the British, the use of their language by Africans did not end as it had become the formal mode of communication. They also continued to be direct importers and users of the African raw materials such as gold, rubber and peanut oils (Akare,52). Chapter 14 in your textbook is written by Takyiwaa Manuh, a former professor at the University of Ghana. This chapter as a whole is devoted to theorizing human rights in Africa, and to providing a brief history of Human Rights in Africa. You have been assigned to read a small section called: Human Rights and Nation Building in POSTINDEPENDENCE AFRICA. pp. 298- to the top of page 300. This primarily covers what happened after the colonial period, during the period just following the independence of individual nations. 1. At the beginning of this section (p. 298), Takyiwaa Manuh states that the newly freed governments in the various African nations made many improvements after the colonial powers (the Europeans) left. Paraphrase in your own words what some of those overall improvements were. (List at least four areas of improvements). The major areas of improvement included education, health, poverty and labor rights.

Analyzing a company an dmaking comparisons Research Paper

Analyzing a company an dmaking comparisons - Research Paper Example An analysis of activity ratios and profitability ratios of both companies i.e. ENERSYS and EXIDE is conducted for time period from 2010-2011. The first ratio calculated is profit margin, which is Net Profit/Total Revenue. Net profit margin/Total Revenue is an important measure of profitability and tells how much a company has earned after it has paid off all its expenses. So ENERSYS profitability is calculated to estimate where ENERSYS currently stands in comparison to its competitors. ENERSYS net profit margin is 6% in 2011 and 4% in 2010. Exide’s net profit margin is 1% in 2011 and -4% in 2010. Clearly, ENERSYS is way ahead of Exide in terms of profitability as ENERSYS earns a profit of 6% in 2011over its revenue earned. This means that ENERSYS gets to keep a profit share of 6% after all its expenses has been paid. On the other hand, Exide earns a net profit of only 1% in 2011, which means that Exide gets to keep a profit of only 1% after all its expenses have been paid. So, ENERSYS performs well as it earns more net income then Exide. However, Exide has improved more than ENERSYS since 2010 as Exide’s profit margin improved from -4% to 1%, while ENERSYS’s profit margin increased from 4% to 6% (ENERSYS, 2011). ENERSYS Return on Assets was 6% in 2011, so it earned 6% on its assets which is much better than Exide’s ROA of 1%. . SO, clearly in terms of profitability ENERSYS outperforms Exide. Receivables turnover ratio for ENERSYS was 4.05 in 2011 and 3.98 in 2010, while receivables turnover ratio for Exide was 5.35 in 2011 and 5.23 in 2010. ENERSYS Days Sales outstanding was 89 days in 2011 and 92 days in 2010, while Exide’s days sales outstanding was approximately 68 days in both 2011 and 2010 (Seeking Alpha, 2011).. Looking at the activity ratios for both Exide and ENERSYS, it is surprising to note that Exide performs well then ENERSYS in its asset utilization. Exide is better able to collect its revenue money after sales ha ve been made in few days and so would convert its revenue to cash sooner than ENERSYS. ENERSYS’s competitive financial position is strong in terms of its profitability as it has a higher net income in previous years as compared to its competitors and higher total assets, and has made a lot of capital investments. However, ENERSYS is weaker in utilization of assets and has to put in stringent policies in order to tackle the issue (Yahoo, 2011a). A careful analysis of Free Cash Flow available to the firm will determine which firm is outperforming the other. Calculating the Free Cash Flow to Firm by adding Cash Flow from Operations to Interest expense and fixed investments, it is seen that Exide has greater Free Cash Flow to Firm than ENERSYS. ENERSYS free cash flow to firm is $31945000, while Exide’s Free Cash Flow is $35088000. Also, looking at the cash flow statement of both companies, ENERSYS has a negative cash flow due to higher investment in capital and higher debt financing. However, despite negative cash flow during 2011(Yahoo, 2011b), ENERSYS still has more cash reserves than Exide. This shows that ENERSYS is making profits and is not holding back as it is buying more capital in order to increase and develop further for the future. ENERSYS fixed capital expenditures entails that it will have a much positive outlook in

Examining the Recruitment process of ABC Company

Examining the Recruitment process of ABC Company Recruitment or selection policies are playing a central role in the running and long-lasting success for a company. The main aim of recruitment is to draw the attraction of the employees who can express relevant skills and experience, to make a positive and valued contribution towards the work of the company. Every individual employee must be selected on merit. The aim of any recruitment exercise is to find the best person for the job. So whatever the person or the employee is good in work the company must provide them the work basis on their merit. The recruitment and selection of staff of the right quality at the right time is crucial for the organization. Recruitment is the process to identify people to employment for the organization. A good recruitment has some principle. A bad recruitment can hamper the whole productivity of the organization. In ABC company, followed few wrong recruitment procedure while are discussed in the following- One of the crucial requirements for recruitment is placed the right people for the right job. Here, ABC Company doesnt follow this principle. Ashley Jones was expert in administrative work; she has no experience in marketing field which is impact on performance of her position. In the case of Ashley Jones, she was appointed in ABC Company by the reference of one of the director in marketing department. As a result she is missing her monthly target which also causes a momentous decrease in the productivity. ABC Company did not emphasise on job analysis. Job analysis means a process where identify determine the particular job in details and relative significance of particular job. If ABC Company followed their job analysis it could be sorted out earlier. Again training is also an important part of recruitment. If ABC Company follows their trained Ashley Jones in a proper way then the problems may not occur which leads to reduce productivity. A good reward and payment system is considered as a key tool of motivation as well increase productivity. A poor remuneration system may reduce productivity of the employee. ABC company remuneration system was not well recognised which de motivated to perform her responsibility. After that she was de-motivated to work by the remuneration system of the company. ABC Companys reward and payment system is not well known as a result the performances of the employees are going down. One of the important principles in recruitment process is principle of fairness. It means that candidate should be recruiting on the basis of merit as well as by open competition. Organization should provide adequate information about responsibility before recruitment, which help to pick up right person. But ABC Company select by referencing which does not met the recruitment principle. All recruitment should be announced and advertise publicly. A wide recruitment leads lot of opportunity to get skilled person among different candidate. But ABC Company select internally. As a result lots of skilled person cant get the opportunity to do the job. 3.1. Considerable factor for effective recruitment: A recruitment system is one of the most crucial aspects. Therefore it is important for efficient and effective operation of the organization. All candidates should be treated with equally fairly (Deb, 2006). There are some suggestion are below for effectiveness of recruitment- 1. Fairness: Fair and competition should be considered when candidates are recruiting for the organization. Equal and reasonable accesses to information about job have to confirm by the recruitment team. Recruitment procedure must be reliable, objective and protective against bias. Recruitment procedure should be emphasised on qualification competiveness. 2. Wide announcement: All interested and prospective candidate can apply, if it announced and advertised widely which help to appropriate consideration in the recruitment process. Wide announcement gives alternative choice to take best among candidates. 3. Maintain highest professional standard: Ethical code of conduct of must be follow during recruitment as well as must comply with legal provision of the country. Recruitment must be transparent; patronage free, equal treatment should be applied during recruitment process. 4. Documentation: Appropriate documentation should be maintain in the recruitment process. The documentation included specify following things- The jobs objective. The main duties responsibilities. The needed skilled. Necessary knowledge for job. Required qualities. Essential attributes to carry out job. Documentation helps to make short list among candidates. Employee specification should not change during recruitment process. 5. Impartiality: Recruitment process must be free from partiality. The best and capable candidate can be select only by fair way. 6. Job analysis: For effective recruitment, job analysis is very important to make the recruitment successful. A job analysis include determining the needs training, compensation procedure, performance review etc. A job analysis makes the recruitment process effective (www.job.analysis.net). If the ABC company follow the above recruitment principles, which can be more effective for the organization. In term of to improve effectiveness and good employee recruitment in future some policies are given below A manager can recruit in two different ways   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i) Internal Recruitment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ii)External Recruitment Internal Recruitment: It is the most favorite source of applicants in stable and developed companies. It needs a strong support from other HR Processes; because of these the unmanaged internal recruitment process can guide to disappoint the managers and employees in the organization. The succession planning and strong performance management is needed to make sure the success of the internal recruitment. External Recruitment: The most obvious advantage of external recruitment is the availability of a greater pool of applicants. Thus, only those applicants who have the exact qualifications will apply and be selected the company. This has cost for the organizations training budget. Whereas external recruits will require orientation upon being hired, as they will not require any extra training. It also brings new ideas and external contacts to the company for hiring them. Also, if political backbiting over a promotion might be a possibility, then external recruitment is one way of eliminating that occurrence. Under external recruitment the effectiveness are given below Recruit online and given ads in newspaper: A company can hunt employees on online which will help to reach a lot of people in short time. Again if the companys give ad in newspaper and industry trade journals many skilled job searchers who has less technical support can applied for the post. For this it will emphasized on qualification of different people. Use the best employee: If the company uses its best employees for the interview of the people for the business, then they can collect the best candidates from the applicants. Documentation: Recruiters must maintain the suitable documents for recruitment process. They must follow the jobs purpose, duties and responsibilities, proper knowledge for the job. This will help the HR division to make a short list from the candidates. Search in Schools: The Company must build a good relationship with local schools, colleges and universities to attract graduates for trainee positions and always be ready to interview the candidates. Analysis the job: To make a recruitment successful job analysis is the most important part. It makes the recruitment process effective. Use Job Center Plus: A company can use Job Center Plus for recruiting people cheap and fast way. It is useful for finding permanent and temporary employees with no charge and they can shortlist the applicants for the company. If the ABC Company follow these process it can be more effective and beneficial for the company. Effective recruitment selection practices  By R. L. Compton, Alan R. Nankervis Fig: A typical strategic recruitment process Recruitment Requisition Competency or Position Analysis Position Description Position Evalution Pool of Aplicants Budget Check Sourcing Selection Process Dynamic Environment Vision Strategic Business Plan Key Stakeholder Dynamic Environment HR Strategy HR Plan Policies Recruitment Process Source: Nankervis, A, Compton, R, Baird, M, 2005, Strategic human resource management (6th ed), Cengage, South Melbourne.