Global threats to human beings caused by human population growth Essay

Worldwide dangers to people brought about by human populace development - Essay Example Human overpopulation has a few negative impacts on the earth. Tree huggers have set up that about every single natural issue are because of fast human populace development rate. Natural patterns, for example, loss of biodiversity, consumption of water assets, change of atmosphere and climate are a portion of the ecological issues that are related with human populace development. This paper just talks about how overpopulation brings down day to day environments, exhausts regular assets, and causes natural debasement. In most creating nations, social conventions and absence of access to conception prevention programs have prompted quick populace development rate (Zuckerman and Jefferson, 1996). The quantity of individuals living in these areas has made weight ashore and food protections. This has prompted overpopulation where the accessible assets are lacking to continue populace development and formative developments. This outcomes in regularly expanding number of destitute individual s across Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, and other creating nations over the world (Zuckerman and Jefferson, 1996). This individuals experience the ill effects of absence of clean water, malnourishment, insufficient haven, congestion, AIDS and other waterborne maladies. The greater part of these individuals need adequate access to essentials of life, and this implies their expectations for everyday comforts are altogether lower than those individuals living in created nations. Poor expectations for everyday comforts coming about because of overpopulation in a given district is obvious in most African ghetto homes. In these ghettos, individuals need satisfactory access to clean drinking water and enough food. Residential water utilized for cleaning and cooking in the ghetto abodes is typically polluted, and this is the motivation behind why waterborne sicknesses, for example, cholera, bilharzia, and typhoid are normal in these areas (Zuckerman and Jefferson, 1996). The second re ason for human populace development is consumption of normal assets. While quick development of human populace is gradually lessening or leveling off in most created countries, for example, United Kingdom and United States, the rate at which individuals are using the world’s normal assets is fundamentally on the ascent (Zuckerman and Jefferson, 1996). Over reliance on common assets for the most part makes natural issues, for example, loss of biodiversity, environmental change, consumption of water assets and over angling. The consistently expanding human populace requires more land for settlement. This makes human to clear normal woodland and uproot creatures living in it, and this prompts loss of biodiversity. Furthermore, gases that are discharged into the air drain the ozone layer, which thusly causes atmosphere changes, for example, a dangerous atmospheric devation. With an unnatural weather change, the measure of yearly precipitation got in a territory diminishes essenti ally. This has made human to embrace water system as the elective wellspring of water for the yields. Substantial water system, then again, causes inordinate loss of characteristic water assets, for example, streams and lakes (Zuckerman and Jefferson, 1996). At last, overpopulation groups the greatest danger on nature more than some other thing. The vast majority of the natural corruptions, for example, consumption of the ozone layer, contamination, atmosphere and environment changes, and overfishing are normal marvels in industrialized countries (Zuckerman and Jefferson, 1996). Created nations own capital businesses, which expend a great deal of regular

Philippine Literature Essay

Comprised of early Filipino writing went down orally; oral pieces have a public creation †it was hard to follow the first writer of the piece since oral writing didn't concentrate on proprietorship or copyright, rather on the demonstration of narrating itself; †Many oral pieces got lost in the influx of the new artistic impact achieved by the Spanish colonization; be that as it may, as per the Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology, English Edition (Lumbera, B. and Lumbera C. ), the pre-provincial time of Philippine writing is considered the longest in the country’s history; †Literature in this period depends on convention, reflecting every day life exercises, for example, housework, cultivating, angling, chasing, and dealing with the youngsters also; †Oral pieces recounted stories which clarified saints and their undertakings; they endeavored to clarify certain characteristic marvels, and, simultaneously, filled in as amusement purposes; †Pre-frontier writing demonstrated certain components that connected the Filipino culture to other Southeast Asian nations (e. g. oral pieces which were performed through an inborn move have certain likenesses to the Malay move); †This period in Philippine writing history spoke to the ethos of the individuals before the appearance of a gigantic social impact †writing as a social custom, than a type of workmanship that had a specific arrangement of propriety.  · Early Forms of Philippine Literature: o Bugtong (enigmas; a bugtong contains an analogy called,Talinghaga), Salawikain (saying); o Pre-pilgrim verse †Tanaga (communicates a view or an estimation of the world), Ambahan (melodies about adolescence, human connections, cordiality; sung by the Mangyan), Duplo (verbal jousts/games), Bayok (considerations about adoration), Balagtasan (performed in front of an audience); o Epic verse †sentimental legends and champions that are an impression of the world as saw by the early Filipinos.  · Notable Works of the Pre-frontier Period: o Tuwaang, Lam-ang, Hinilawod, Bantugan II. Spanish Colonial Period (Mid-sixteenth †late nineteenth century) †The Spanish culture, as reflected underway of this writing period, indicated a conflict with the pre-pioneer Filipino writing before all else. In any case, because of the length of remain of the colonizers, the Spanish culture was in the end saturated in the Filipino writing of the period; †Religion turned into a significant topic that had impacted the early Filipino compositions which had the nearness of agnosticism †â€Å"Christian Folk-Tale†; †also, the impact of religion, other than on the day by day life of the locals, was lead by the minister/teacher/area cleric who were designated by the Spanish government; †Despite the objective of the Spanish government to transform the nation into an undeniable European settlement, the Spanish impact amusingly motivated a renewal from the locals, which in the long run transformed into an upset; †Yet paying little mind to the contentions that tormented the connection between the Spaniards and the Filipinos, a feeling of patriotism was shaped among the mistreated, and had made them ascend to a nationalistic reason; †The article class was perceived in the midst of the location of publication fight †Jose Rizal and Plaridel (Marcelo H. Del Pilar) were among the individuals who pick in utilizing the pen in voicing out the people’s cry rather than the blade; †Introduction of the roman letter set that bit by bit supplanted the ‘alibata’; †The Filipino writing of this period turned into the antecedent of a lot progressively artistic attempts to come in the ages, wherein the topic of patriotism and the right to speak freely of discourse would be obvious.  · Philippine Literature and Art during the Spanish Period: o Pasyon and Sinakulo (strict dramatizations performed during the Holy Week); o Narrative Poems †Awit; Corrido; o Komedya †a showy presentation which caught the perfect European way of life as depicted by medieval characters  · Notable Works of the Spanish Period: o Doctrina Christiana (1593) †the main book at any point distributed in the Philippines; printed by the Dominican Press; o May Bagyo Mat’ May Rilim †as per artistic student of history, Bienvenido Lumbera, is the primary printed abstract work in Tagalog; o Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong P. Natin na Tola (1704) †in the long run alluded to as â€Å"Pasyon,† was composed by Gaspar Aquino de Belen; a case of Christian society epic where the enthusiasm of Jesus Christ was written in connection with the situation of the Filipino individuals who were mistreated by the colonizers, just as the estimations of a Filipino; o Ninay (1885) †first Filipino tale composed; Pedro Paterno; o Florante at Laura †Francisco â€Å"Balagtas† Baltazar; however there are images and topics which direct the dissent of the Filipino against the Spanish system, it is unsure concerning whether Balagtas had expected the issue †which was inconspicuously gotten from his work †since he left no notes or extra pieces that may confirm the end; o Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891) †Jose Rizal; works which made an effect on the national awareness and love for one’s nation against the damaging legislature of the Spaniards; o La Solidaridad â₠¬ Propagandist paper. III. American Colonial Period (Late nineteenth †Mid-twentieth century) †The steady decrease of the Philippine writing written in Spanish; †The English language in the long run turned into the mode of composing and guidance in schools; †As the Spanish colonizers left the nation as per the Treaty of Paris, the soul of patriotism and the craving to be recognized of autonomy didn't vanish right now. Rather, these joining powers outfitted into rebelling against the new colonizers; †During the American colonization time frame, Philippine writing mirrored the ethos of its kin under another job. Be that as it may, these everyday encounters under another outside impact, just as notions, were communicated through the English language; †The Spanish ‘sarsuwela’ was in the long run supplanted by the ‘drama’; †One significant impact of the American occupation on the Filipino writing is its refining with regards to the substance and the structure. Besides, on account of this expanded information on the field of writing through the instruction gave by the American government, Philippine writing has gotten in excess of a convention framed by culture. It has become a workmanship which succeeding artists, fictionists, and dramatists keep on expanding upon and improve in each age; †Beginning with Rizal’s utilization of social authenticity as one of the significant subjects for his two significant books, the writing during the American colonization additionally turned into an association, not simply mirroring the Filipino experience †a reinforced feeling of patriotism profoundly established in the Filipino pride and culture; †Unlike in the Spanish colonization time frame wherein female scholars (e. g. Gregoria de Jesus) were eclipsed by their increasingly predominant, male peers †because of the training just being given to a chose and favored not many †during the American occupation, ladies have had their chance to improve their ability by being instructed on the specialty. Also, the developing fame of works composed by Filipina essayists is the aftereffect of the developing crowd acknowledging writing by females.  · Philippine Literature and Art during the American Period: o Short Story o Poetry in English o Free Verse in Poetry o Drama  · Notable Works of the American Period: o Mga Agos sa Disyerto (1964) †Efren R. Abueg, Edgardo M. Reyes, Eduardo Bautista Reyes, Rogelio L. Ordonez and Rogelio R. Sikat; this short story compilation carried fiction into the period of innovation; o Ako ang Daigdig (1940) †Alejandro G. Abadilla; free section sonnet; o Sa Dakong Silangan †Jose Corazon de Jesus; a sonnet written in the vernacular http://lourdesbraceros. weebly. com/a-brief-history-of-philippine-writing in-english. html

William Shakespeares King Lear Essay - 954 Words

Throughout King Lear, Shakespeare gives the reader small moments of human goodness to contrast the evil in the play. L.C. Knights describes it as affirmation in spite of everything, (Coyle). These affirmative actions are clearly seen in response to the immorality, twisted values and evil that are so common throughout this play. These moments are used to give the reader an underlying faith in the human spirit despite the clear role of immorality and a lack of values. The instances of genuine human goodness allow Shakespeare to bring out intense evil and tragedy in his characters and plot without taking away all hope in humanity. The first affirmation of human goodness is seen as early as Act I Scene I in the play in a moment of†¦show more content†¦By saving Cordelia from a life of destitution and rewarding her character, Shakespeare provides the reader with a small amount of hope amid the morally depraved and corrupt setting he has created. Another example of affirmation is honesty and loyalty of the Earl of Kent throughout the play. Shakespeare first show the reader Kent’s righteous values in Act 1 Scene 1 when he defends Cordelia and tells Lear he in making monumental mistake in disowning her. Although he makes his statement with a clear respect and dedication to the King, he to is banished. Kent goes unrewarded for his exhibition of morality, but his ability so sees through this disillusioned society gives to reader hope and another character to believe in. It is clear from the beginning of the play that being an noble character like Kent or Cordelia has lead only to banishment and estrangement from society. However bad it may be for the admirable characters, these affirming scenes and characters are necessary to the plays overall moral tone. They offer reassurance to the reader in regards to the morality of society. Thier small acts, though powerless in the face of the overwhelming presence of malice and evil in the play, give the reader some faith to hold on to. Shakespeare gives us these positive moments throughout the play, yetShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares King Lear Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares King Lear In William Shakespeare’s tragedy, King Lear,the issue of sight on many levels is a recurring theme. Throughout the play Shakespeare shows that sight does not just come from the eyes. It is shown through the characters of Lear, Gloucester and how they compare to each other. Lear’s character is one that never learns what it means to see without ones eyes. Lear’s sight is hazed because of his lack of ability to see inside ofRead More William Shakespeares King Lear Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares King Lear The locations in Shakespeare’s King Lear fall into three categories: inside a court, out in nature, and in-between nature and civilization. Lear himself also wavers between three states: sanity, senility, and the fine line between the two. These states of consciousness relate directly to the scenes’ locations. However, Lear’s insanity is not the fault of his location in the world; for the most part, he has control over his situation. The series of events inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares King Lear Essays1856 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeares King Lear A man more sinned against than sinning King Lear is one of Shakespeares more complex plays and within it many different themes are addressed and explored. KingRead More foolear A Fool for a King in William Shakespeares King Lear1081 Words   |  5 PagesA Fool for a King in King Lear     Ã‚   In Shakespeares play King Lear, the main character, King Lear, is presented as a respected and powerful king. As the story progresses the king loses his power because of his own stupidity and blindness. The tragedy of this play is shown chiefly through the actions of Lear’s daughters, which lead to Lear’s bout with insanity, and through the words of the Fool. At the beginning of the play, King Lear appears as a powerful and well-loved ruler. He explainsRead MoreFool in William Shakespeares King Lear Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesFool in William Shakespeares King Lear The Fool’s function in King Lear is to create emphasis on the tragedy in the play and give insight into the characters’ true nature. He shows other characters’ nature though blunt comments and earns himself the name of ‘all-licensed Fool’, as he clearly states peoples’ inner personality. He develops the tragedy though a theme of madness and instability, from his use of poems and rhymes intermingled with standard prose, Read More Justice in William Shakespeares King Lear Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesJustice in William Shakespeares King Lear The question of the origin of true, virtuous, and impartial justice has plagued mankind over the millennia and continues to do so today. In Shakespeare’s King Lear two potential forms of justice predominate: human examination through trial and divine supernatural recourse. Both systems emerge fundamentally flawed in practice, however, and by the end of the play a world of unjust chaos reigns supreme. Over the course of three â€Å"trials,† Lear’s daughtersRead More Folly in William Shakespeares King Lear Essay2875 Words   |  12 PagesFolly in William Shakespeares King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚   In East Coker, T. S. Eliot pleads Do not let me hear / Of the wisdom of old men, but rather of their folly†¦. (Eliot 185) The folly of old men must surely be a central trope in any discussion of Shakespeares imposing tragic accomplishment, King Lear. Traditional interpretations of the play, drawing on the classical Aristotelian theory of tragedy, have tended to view Lears act of blind folly as hamartia, precipitating the disintegration ofRead MoreEssay on Disobedience in William Shakespeares King Lear1682 Words   |  7 PagesDisobedience in William Shakespeares King Lear How sharper than a serpents tooth it is to have a thankless child. Filial disobedience is a key theme in the play King Lear and in both the times it was set and written, children were not expected to disobey their fathers. Jacobean England was an extremely hierarchical society meaning that respect should not only be shown to the powerful and rich but also to parents and the elderly. Seventeenth century England wouldRead More foolear Role of the Fool in William Shakespeares King Lear803 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of the Fool in William Shakespeares King Lear In the play King Lear, by William Shakespeare, there are many intriguing characters. Perhaps the most intriguing of them all is the fool. The fool seems to exist outside the play appearing and disappearing without warning. The fool is, however, a necessary character to the evolution of Lears character, since he is the personification of truth and reason. The fool serves to show Lear how he is going insane, as well as to attempt to delayRead More Tragedy Through Misreading in William Shakespeares King Lear975 Words   |  4 PagesTragedy Through Misreading in William Shakespeares King Lear Shakespeare’s tragedy, King Lear, portrays many important misconceptions which result in a long sequence of tragic events. The foundation of the story revolves around two characters, King Lear and Gloucester, and concentrates on their common flaw, the inability to read truth in other characters. For example, the king condemns his own daughter after he clearly misreads the truth behind her â€Å"dower,†(1.1.107) or honesty. Later, Gloucester

Pax Romana - 816 Words

Romes Golden Age, better known as Pax Romana, was a time were peace flourished after ongoing battles and civil wars and commerce brought immense wealth to its citizens. The Roman Oration was written and delivered by Aelius Aristides, a popular Greek orator who lived during the Roman Empire, glowingly praising the Pax Romana (which literally means Roman Peace). In this oration, Aristides used hyperbole and exaggeration to describe the Roman Empire whilst managing to capture the universalism and cosmopolitanism that characterized it. Pax Romana was not only the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire between 27 BC and 180 AD, but also a time where order, efficient†¦show more content†¦But even during such great times, trouble is never far behind. Marcus Aurelius was the last emperor of such times and his death marks the beginning of the end of the Pax Romana. The Roman Empire had trouble keeping the economy strong d ue largely to slow means of communication and transportation and was also deteriorating due to cultural stagnation and transformation. Soon after, the Roman Empire was plunged into military anarchy, raided by Germanic tribes, and burdened by economic dislocations. In conclusion, one must consider that Aelius Aristides was most likely delivering this speech before the people of Rome and the Emperor himself and therefore he logically said everything that would please the Emperor. Although there might have been some other things worth mentioning, I believed his portrayal of the Pax Romana was a fair one. After all, it was a time referred to by its citizens as The Time of Happiness. I do, however, feel it is important to mention that even though it was characterized as a time of peace, there were many battles still going on (although usually out in the extremities where the majority of people would not know about them). In a way, I consider it to be very similar to the present, whereas the biggest obstacles we face now is mainly providing a better way of living, instead of the quest of conquering theShow MoreRelatedThe Aeneid And The Pax Romana1580 Words   |  7 Pages The epic poem The Aeneid; written by Virgil in the heights of the Pax Romana in AD 29. The poems give a summary of the history of the Trojans who has fled their home land Troy, after the invasion of the Greeks. Aeneas and his men must now travel to the land of Italy, were they will become founding fathers of the great Roman Empire. This is voyage is lead extremely by Aeneas fate in the gods and the notable characteristics of Aeneas which is piety and obedience to the will of the gods. TheRead MoreEssay The Pax Romana2173 Words   |  9 PagesThe Pax Romana Most often revered for their warfare, Rome created more than just an incredible military empire, they created a time of great peace that had never been seen before in recorded history. This time of peace, referred as the Pax Roman ( 96 AD - 200 AD), which means literally Roman Peace. This time of Roman peace was a system of government created by Augusts ( the Emperor of Rome), and lasted for over 200 years. It was out of this peace time that sport leisure time whereRead MoreGlobalization Means Underaken Entirely805 Words   |  3 PagesEuropean trade (Houstan, 2008). During their periods Roman and Ottoman Empires established â€Å"world systems† reliable with their supremacy in the â€Å"discovered† world and Pax Romana and Pax Ottoman instituted illustrations of globalization that â€Å"effects and compasses the entire world† in nineteenth century with the Pax Britannica known as the world order urbanized by Britain. Two important world wars and then the race between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsRead MoreHan Dynasty and Roman Empire (Compare and Contrast)988 Words   |  4 PagesEast, Italy, India, and China. Both of these cultures obtained peace at the peak of their trading and economic prosperity. The peaceful times were a result of their successful trading. To the Romans this peaceful time was known as Pax Romana, to the Chinese it was known as Pax Sinica. China and Rome also had advances in art and science. Rome built the Pantheon using their newly invented buildin g material, concrete. On the other hand, the Chinese advanced in science and art by inventing paper for useRead MoreThe Economic Impacts of Pax Romana731 Words   |  3 PagesDetermining the Economic Impacts of Pax Romana Determining the Economic Impacts of Pax Romana Pax Romana is Latin for Roman peace. The Pax Romana lasted approaching two centuries beginning toward the end of the BC period and extending almost halfway into the second century AD. For the Roman Empire, this was a period of peace and saw little military action or expansion. Caesar Augustus, previously known as Julius Caesar commenced the Pax Romana after Rome was no longer considered a republic andRead MoreThe Greatest Accomplishments of the Pax Romana?1214 Words   |  5 PagesThe Pax Romana A golden age is a period of cultural accomplishments brought on by economic prosperity and relative peace. The Roman empire experienced a golden age after the fall of the Roman Republic, arguably one of the greatest golden ages in history. The Pax Romana began in 27 B.C. and it reigned for 200 years before falling. The Pax Romana was a time of great prosperity with many accomplishments. The Pax Romana was not only significant because of the amount of wealth and power it wieldedRead MoreThe Roman Empire1469 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to civilizations in our past what comes to mind? Some may say the Greeks, others may say the Persians, but one of the most underrated of the past civilizations was the Roman Empire. The Roman way of life and â€Å"Pax Romana† set up a standard of what defined civilization great. However, what was it that made the Roman life great? Was it the rules, the system of government, the virtues of the people? I believe what made the Romans so migh ty was a blessing from God due to the outpouring revivalRead MoreRoman Empire871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roman Empire is known as one of the greatest empires of all time, blossoming politically, economically, and culturally. Rome was quickly expanding, reaching as far as North Africa. When Octavian came into power, the Pax Romana, or â€Å"Roman Peace,† began. However, this long peace may have triggered the beginning of the end of the Roman Empire. Because Rome was not distracted by conquering foreign lands, its citizens relaxed and lived in luxury. There did not seem to be any goals they did notRead MoreFrontier Policy and the Maintenance of the Pax Romana1904 Words   |  8 PagesFrontier policy and the Maintenance of the Pax Romana Tiberius and Claudius The Imperium Romanum (Roman Empire) was a vast domain containing large territorial holdings in Europe and the Mediterranean. Beyond the empire however consisted of barbarous nations that were a constant threat to the Roman boundaries. For this reason, it was necessary for well-functioning frontier policies to be administrated and sustained to protect the outskirts of the empire from invasion. During the Julio-ClaudianRead MoreRoma before Pax Romana1490 Words   |  6 PagesValues a society share with its citizens are not only different from one society to another, but also characterize the society because values mold morality. For example, America shares value of freedom, individuality, and competition among her people, and those values make America and American morals different from morals of other countries, such as Soviet Union. Just like any other societies throughout history, Rome had a set of values that were particular to Romans; of course, some of the values

Interest Groups vs. Social Movements free essay sample

A comparison of the goals and aims of interest groups versus social movements, with a focus on specific public policy distinctions. The following paper examines the distinction between interest groups and social movements which are sometimes hard to distinguish. This paper argues that interest groups are usually more narrowly focused and depend on organized supporters of otherwise loosely mobilized citizens within a larger social movement. Elections are formal procedures for choosing officers or making binding decisions concerning current and future policies. Elections are widely held in private organizations, such as corporations, church groups, or labor unions. Public institutions hold elections to select officers, to choose representatives, and to settle specific policy questions. Elections also may take place within specific governmental bodies or institutions as, in the United States, when members of a state legislature elect a speaker of the house. The discussion that follows, however, will focus on public elections for officers of governmental units or to decide public policy issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Interest Groups vs. Social Movements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such elections commonly have a larger number of persons entitled to participate and are part of the total political process within the governmental system.

Jonathan N. Dukes Essays - HIVAIDS, HIV, Kaposis Sarcoma

Jonathan N. Dukes December 1, 1999 Health / 6th Period Ms. J Thesis: The AIDS and HIV viruses are getting worse in the United States and the rest of the world. Introduction Although more people die of heart disease and cancer each year, AIDS has become the health problem people fear the most. Much of the fear comes from ignorance and misunderstanding. Education is the most effective tool against AIDS. It is more important than ever for young people to learn the facts about AIDS. Many teenagers don't know anyone who has AIDS. It is hard for them to believe they are at risk. It is a fact that the incidence of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases is on a rapid rise among teens and people in their early twenties (Silverstein). People frequently ask the questions, How is HIV spread, what should I do if I think I may be infected with HIV, and how can people avoid getting AIDS? In this paper I will try my best to make it clearer for those who have any doubt about their knowledge of HIV and AIDS and answering the questions above. Modes of Transmission Today, the two diseases, HIV & AIDS, are rapidly increasing all over the United States. HIV is spread through the exchange of bodily fluids, primarily blood, semen, and blood products. HIV that is present in the sexual secretions of infected men and women gains access to the bloodstream of an uninfected person as a result of unprotected sex. Another way that a person can be infected is by sharing needles or syringes that results in direct exposure to the blood of an infected individual. This is common among people using drugs that are injected in the veins (Folks 4). HIV can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her baby, before or during childbirth, or through breast-feeding. Studies also show that only 25 to 35 percent of babies born to HIV-infected mothers worldwide actually become infected. This type of transmission accounts for 90 percent of all cases of AIDS in children. To me, this is the worst type of transmission because babies are defenseless and have no idea what is happening to them when they are so young (Treto). Even when the children of HIV-infected mothers are fortunate enough to avoid the virus, there is still yet another incidence of heart problems 12 times that of the children in the general population (Folks 4). Practices such as open mouth kissing, sharing toothbrushes, and sharing razors should be avoided. Researchers have recently identified a protein in saliva that prevents HIV from infecting white blood cells known as secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor SLPI (Folks 4-5). There is no evidence of HIV being transmitted through insects because when the virus enters the insect, the insect does not become infected and cannot transmit HIV to the next human it feeds on or bites (Alvin Silverstein 18). Detection and Diagnosis In 1983 a blood test was invented to detect whether a person's blood contained antibodies against HIV, which was an indication that the person had been exposed to the virus. Three years ago an additional blood test was invented to detect HIV antigens. This enabled doctors to identify HIV even before the donor's immune system had time to make antibodies. When new strains of HIV are identified from around the world, they will need to be evaluated for detection by these tests. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta Georgia established an authoritative definition for the diagnoses of AIDS. They concluded that the CD4 T-cell count in an HIV positive person must be below 200 cells per cubic mm of blood, or there has to be the clinical appearance of an initial AIDS-defining opportunistic infection, such as PCP (a type of pneumonia), oral candidiasis, pulmonary tuberculosis, or invasive cervical carcinoma (cancer in the cervix of women) (Virginia Silverstein 23). Occurrence There were more than 580,000 reported cases of AIDS in the United States between 1981 and 1996. Of these 580,000 cases, about 46 percent have been in Caucasians, 35 percent in blacks, 18 percent in Hispanics, and 1 percent in Asians. Males make up about 84 percent of these cases and females 15 percent. Children account the remaining 1 percent of AIDS cases. Women and children constitute

Affirmative Action Professor Ramos Blog

Affirmative Action Introduction Society is built off a hierarchy, whether that is through economic status or social status, we all have a place in it. This poses a problem and begs the question if there is fairness within our social network. In this report I will introduce the concept of affirmative action, who it has affected society within the workforce and education systems, explain the positives and negatives of affirmative action, and finally analyze what would happen if affirmative action did not exist. What is Affirmative Action? Affirmative action is a policy that intended to integrate the minority group in order to â€Å"[revert] discrimination† (Holzer and Neumark 13). This, in a way, diffused the lines of social boundaries among people of ethnic backgrounds to maintain an equal playing field. Affirmative action was an attempt to retaliate against racial and ethnic discrimination, especially discrimination against African Americans. It was then first used under the executive order of former President John F. Kennedy in 1961 for the purpose of ensuring that the people are treated equally without regard of their ethnic background (AAED). Former President John F. Kennedy intended affirmative action not only to target individuals of color, but regardless of their gender, social status, etc. At first, this policy initially â€Å"focused on improving opportunities for african americans in employment and education† in an attempt to bring equality among the white and blacks, becoming the byproduct of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement (NCSL). The sequence   of events that took place within the oppression of african americans and other minorities that would later come became the recipe of creating the policy of affirmative action. Who is Affected by it? In today’s society, affirmative action technically affect everyone in someway. But in terms of being affected in a beneficial manner, it mainly targets the minority group like african americans, latinos, asians. But affirmative action does not only help those of color, women of different ethnicity are also affected. Statistics reveal that â€Å"6 million women overall had advances at their job that would not have been possible without affirmative action† (Massie). This is significant as it implies that without the policy of affirmative action, there was a possibility that about 6 million would be unemployed or would not have advance in their field of work. Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action Throughout the decades, affirmative action has thrived and benefitted many individuals into a more fair society. Starting with the positives of affirmative action, the most obvious benefit of this policy is that it aids those that are disadvantaged and creates an opportunity to advance in school and work environments (Ayres). This policy opens the possibility for many social environments not to be predominantly white, thus creating and promoting a diverse environment. Another positive effect of affirmative action is that it would facilitate and compensate for centuries of oppression against minorities (Ayres). From the enslavement of african americans and native americans or the japanese internment camps used against the japanese-americans, many would see affirmative action as a way to make up for history’s worth of discrimination and segregation. Although affirmative action provides opportunities and aid in alleviating for the less fortunate, this policy is also not advocated by everyone. There are many that believe that affirmative action also brings up problems into society. Protestors of affirmative action believe it is doing the opposite of what it was intended to â€Å"[serving] as a reverse discrimination† (Ayres). Many are convinced that affirmative action is actually hurting those who are qualified for the task by not being picked over a minority or other ethnic group. Another negative effect of affirmative action is the possibility of reinforcing stereotypes (Ayres). This could be possible among many school or workplace environment as individuals may see minorities do not fit the respective environment. Another article addresses how over 90,000 employees filed employment discrimination complaints towards the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 2009 (Gaile). This implies that although minorities were giv en the opportunity to be provided work, it does not guarantee the dissipation of racial and ethnic differences. As a result it would, in turn, create and hinder working and schooling institutions. One academic paper accentuates affirmative action would force employers to lower working standards, with the possible consequence that continuous poor performance by the preferred workers will only result in reinforce negative prejudices (Coate and Loury 1221). It is suggesting that by choosing applicant through the process of affirmative action, companies and businesses would be cornered to change their standards. This would indirectly result in a less selective process and ultimately hurt the labor market. A World With no Affirmative Action The policy of affirmative action has certainly affected and shifted society’s social boundaries in ways that are both beneficial and hindering. But it is worth to dwell on the idea of a society that do not use affirmative action. In one study, â€Å"New York Times† presented statistics illustrating the state of California approving the statewide ban of affirmative action and the decline of enrollment rates among hispanics and blacks, with less than five percent of hispanics and less than one percent (â€Å"How Minorities Have Fared†). With the absence of affirmative action it is clear that the enrollment of minorities will decline, leaving the white population overrepresented. Furthermore, another article it pointed out states that were â€Å"post-affirmative action† showed a decline of minority applicants by about twenty-three percent. The repeal of affirmative action resulted in the minority applicants to be neglected and therefore affecting the balance of an already underrepresented social group. Conclusion Affirmative action opens the door not to dissipate inequality but more to promote fairness. Although the main function of affirmative action is to blur the lines of social barriers, it does not certainly mean equality and diversity cannot be side-effects of affirmative action. Affirmative action also functions in a way that gives voice to the underrepresented. But affirmative action alone cannot solve the many social differences that occur. Historically, The Brown v. Board of Education decision, that outlawed school segregation, in 1954 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 along with affirmative action policies were not enough to integrate African Americans and other minorities into the mainstream social infrastructure. Policies alike even today are not sufficient in maintaining equality and equity, and so, affirmative action paves the way of opening a broader spectrum of more acceptance within social differences. Ayres, Crystal. â€Å"20 Principal Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action.† Green Garage, 19 Aug. 2015, greengarageblog.org/20-principal-pros-and-cons-of-affirmative-action. Bautsch, Brenda, and Suzanne Hultin. Affirmative Action | Overview, ncsl.org/research/education/affirmative-action-overview.aspx. Coate, Stephen; Loury, Glenn C. â€Å"Will Affirmative-Action Policies Eliminate Negative Stereotypes?† The American Review, Vol. 83, No. 5. (Dec 1993), pp. 1220-1240. Gaille, Brandon. â€Å"25 Important Statistics on Affirmative Action in the Workplace.† BrandonGaille.com, 23 May 2017, brandongaille.com/24-important-statistics-on-affirmative-action-in-the-workplace/. â€Å"History of Affirmative Action | American Association for Access Equity and Diversity.† AAAED, aaaed.org/aaaed/history_of_affirmative_action.asp. Holzer, Harry; Neumark, David. â€Å"ASSESSING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION.† NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH. August 1999, NBER Working Paper No. 7323 â€Å"How Minorities Have Fared in States With Affirmative Action Bans.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 24 June 2013, archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/24/us/affirmative-action-bans.html. Kiesel, Laura. â€Å"What Happens When Theres No Affirmative Action.† TheStreet, 11 Feb. 2014, thestreet.com/story/12321563/1/what-happens-when-theres-no-affirmative-action.html.Massie, Victoria M. â€Å"White Women Benefit Most from Affirmative Action and Are among Its Fiercest Opponents.† Vox, Vox, 23 June 2016, vox.com/2016/5/25/11682950/fisher-supreme-court-white-women-affirmative-action.